Cellphones Should Be Banned

Cell call offs should be banned Nowadays you see stallphones everywhere at the store, at a restaurant, and even at the theater. People seem non able to put them down or turn them off. Cellphones soak up negative effectuate on health, society, and safety. I redeem arranged my countersign in this order, ascending of importance, in order to give the reader several(prenominal) insight in the world of mobile phones, and why cellphones should be banned. Cellphones gouge feature severe accent in all generations. Children and young enceintes be eternally on they eat, sleep and shower with their cellphones.Gaby Badre, MD, PhD, of Sahlgrens Academy in Gothenburg, Sweden found tabu that Teen suppuraters who excessively utilise their cell phone argon to a greater extent given up to disrupted sleep, restlessness, stress and fatigue (American Academy of Sleep Medicine). While teenagers are stressed when they are not on their phone, always being on can stress heap in the workfor ce. Increasing use of cell phones and pagers may be blurring the boundaries between work and home and raising stress levels at both places (Warner).Even though there is just anecdotal deduction of cellphone related cancer and brain damage in adults, evidence was found that cellphones can damage a childs brain. Children apply mobile phones gull as much as double the amount of radiation done their heads as adults. The leading scientist Dr. Om Ghandi, from the University of Utah, found that a childs brain can exhaust radiation across its entire surface. Cellphone radiation mainly effects the neurological system of a child, causing headaches, lack of concentration, memory way out and sleeping disorders.It can also cause epilepsy in children (international parenting association). Further can radiation of cellphones harm body cells and deoxyribonucleic acid. In Europe 12 look into groups, worked on the project called Reflex. Over four years the researchers, coordinated by the ger man research group Verum, studied the effect of radiation on adult male and animal cells in the laboratory (international parenting association). They found that single and double-strand DNA breaks, after(prenominal) being exposed to electro magnetic fields. Professor Leif Salford, who headed the research at Swedens prestigious Lund University, says the voluntary exposure of the brain to microwaves from hand-held mobile phones is the largest human biological experiment ever (international parenting association). Like cellphones have an effect on health, they have an impact on society. Cellphones affect social interactions, communication, and etiquette. When you are watching a group of young people going out, or waiting for the pot together, each(prenominal) person of the group is either texting or calling a friend that is not with the group right now, instead of public lecture to each other.They avoid uncomfortable situations and confrontations by either not answering a call o r sending a text message. textbook put across is dangerous, not only does it ruin social interaction between humans, pen skills and expression. Everything becomes so impersonal and simple (Marquez). There is no awkward keep mum or nonverbal response connected to text messaging. You can fundamentally say anything you want in text messages without revealing your feelings or opinions. Text messaging is impersonal and young adults seems to lose the ability to have a face to face conversation. Moreover do cellphone have a great impact on Socioeconomic Diversity.Cellphones and cellphone contracts are expensive. non every parent or student can afford a cellphone with unlimited text, call, and data. This may set young adults apart from their ally and make them subject of bullying. People can be inconsiderate when using the phone in public (ehow) phone etiquette is poor or does not exist at all. Answering phone calls during a movie or theater show, to holding up the line at the store, or bumping into people on the street, because of focusing on the cell phone instead of their surroundings, are all examples of poor cell phone etiquette.But the biggest problem with cellphones is safety. The National refuge Council states that 28% of all car accidents are caused by cellphone use behind the wheel. The study A comparison of Cellphone Driver and the intoxicated Driver, by Daniel L. Strayer and et al. , at the University of Utah in 2006, states that talking on the phone while driving equals a blood alcoholic beverage of 0. 08%. While teenagers are texting, they spend about 10 percent of the condemnation outside the driving lane theyre supposed to be in (Edgar Snyder).But there are other crucial safety issues connected with cellphones beside cellphone use while driving. Sexting, the submission of hinge uponual messages or bear witnesss, is becoming more and more popular among teen agers, and young adults. In January 2009, three gritty school girls from Westmorelan d County, Pennsylvania were charged with manufacturing and disseminating or possessing child pornography after they allegedly sent nude or seminude cell phone pictures of themselves to three male classmates. The boys, ages sixteen and seventeen,were charged with possession of child ornography for having the images on their phones. The girls involved were even younger, just fourteen and fifteen years of age (Calvert). News like that are disturbing, but far from uncommon. Young adults and teenagers inform that sexting is regarded as normal, and prerequisite for dating and hooking up. But sexted images and messages are not safe. With todays cellphone technology it is easy to send those pictures viral, online, without the initial transmitter knowing. The sender can be publicly exposed without their knowing.Furthermore can others take your picture without your consent. When convicted for distributing or owning child pornography, a teenager or young adult can face the chance to be label ed as sex offenders, a stigma that could haunt them throughout their lives, all for what one might consider a youthful, sophomoric indiscretion (Calvert). Cellphones appear to be very convenient, soon enough they come with severe side effects. After considering the health, society, and safety issues that cellphones bring with them a ban of cellphones is justified.Unfortunately a ban is not in sight for right now so we need to make sure that children, teenagers and young adults victimize how to use their cellphones right, without depending on them too much. Work Cited Calvert, Clay. SEX, CELL PHONES, PRIVACY, AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT WHEN CHILDREN force CHILD PORNOGRAPHERS AND THE LOLITA EFFECT UNDERMINES THE LAW. Firstamandmend. com. Web. 2 Mar. 2012. . Developing the Child Brain. Early Learning Parenting Resource.Early Learning Parents Resource. Web. 01 may 2012. http//www. internationalparentingassociation. org/BrainDevelopment/cellphones. hypertext markup language. Titus, C hrista. Negative Impact of Mobile Phones on Society. EHow. Demand Media, 26 July 2009. Web. 02 May 2012. http//www. ehow. com/facts_5217378_negative-impact-mobile-phones-society. html. Cell Phone & Texting Accident Statistics. Edgarsnyder. com. Web. 03 May 2012. http//www. edgarsnyder. com/car-accident/cell-phone/statistics. html. Marquez, Cesar. Negative Aspects of Text Messaging.

Marco Polo and Ponce de Leon

My two explorers are Marco Polo and Ponce De Leon. Marco Polo was one of the most famous Hesperian travelers. He traveled across Asia. He sailed south from Venice, Italy in the Mediterranean Sea. He also explored an area south of Beijing and the coast of mainland China which is now Vietnam. Ponce de Leon sailed for Florida in the Americas. The primer coat why Marco Polo did his exploration was to determine all kinds of different goods to trade.He did this because he was learning about trading goods. He was able to find perfumes, jewels, porcelain, and silk garments. He made lots of money fleck he stayed in Khans court. Pone de Leons reason for his expedition was because he was hurt by the kings activity for making Columbus son governor so he sailed off. alike he reason was to find new lands and treasures. Another thing was the font of Youth, which was a mythical spring that the Indians spoke of.The Fountain of Youth was believed to score older people young again. Some of Marc os hardships came when he was traveling to the Gobi Desert. It was hard without camels and was very hot. It was also hard not having food or water. Some times Marco felt like he was in a dream because he would hear frightening sounds, he would see haunt figures of his friends, and was having weird illusions. Some of Ponce de Leons hardships that he faced where he was ambushed by the Calusa Tribe.He was ambushed by them on his way back to Florida to start a farming colony. He was shot in the thigh by an pointer and was seriously wounded, so they decided to sail back to Cuba. The result of Marcos expedition was that he ended up in prison because he was in war against the Genous and was captured. The result of Ponce de Leons expedition was that he never found the gold or the mythical fountain. Also he died at 61 because of he serious wound.

Marketing Literature Review Essay

Marketing as a oversight righteousness3 Integration of foodstuffing Function7 Changes in Business Environment10 Marketing Challenges15 Bibliography21 Marketing as a trouble Function Marketing as a precaution become which in its simplest term refers to the basic escapes of perplexity namely devisening, organizing, track and controlling (POLC). These four functions are takeful for the bear on come to the forement of institutional goals. It is authoritative that these activities should operate in harmony with one another since they are interrelated.For instance, match to Cole (1996), a manager cannot just do planning and issue the other aspects. Although these four functions do not tell the whole bilgewater rough what constitutes management, they are a convenient way of describing most of the gravestone aspects of the roles of management. Planning Plans and decisions are essential requirements to organizational tasks and management. Business success depends imp ortantly upon the successful planning and decision making. Hence, planning is usually listed as the beginning function of management as we must harbor a plan before we can organize.Planning can be defined as the management function which involves setting the companys goals and then determine the means to achieve these goals, in other words, deciding how best to achieve them. In simpler footing, it means deciding now, what to do in the prospective, given reliable intended conditions. The word now indicates present circumstances and the current severalise of affairs pertaining to an organisation. So, it has been observed that environmental scanning, consisting of the SWOT analysis is at that placefore a pre-requisite for the planning process.It includes the internal and external environment of the organisation which allows the firm to recede advantage of the opportunities and minimize the impact of threats. In addition, the company forget have to consider the changes and devel opments in the macro marketing environment which is the PEST actor (Demographic, Natural, Political/legal, economic, socio-cultural, and technological). The second important element which is what to do can in like manner be referred to as what to achieve. These are expressed in terms of a statement of objectives, goals and targets.The third element, future, may be any clip that succeed in the next second or a split of it. The future is basically characterised by uncertainty and uncertainty involves risk. Therefore, effective planning requires an effective and efficient process of coping with the uncertainty and the risk of the future to enable achievement of organisations objectives. Organizing In order to reach the objective outlined in the planning process, structuring the grow of the organization is a vital concern.Organizing is the management function which focuses on arranging and allocating work, authority and resources among an organizations members that blend together t o develop one purpose, to accomplish the goals. These goals will be reached in accordance with the companys values and procedures. This function involves the setting up of an organizational structure whereby work is allocated, lines of authority and right defined and a system of rules and regulations which guide the conduct of employees laid down. Bateman, Snell (2007) pointed out that a manager must know their subordinates and what they are capable of in order to organize the most valuable resources a company has, its employees. This is achieved by management staffing the work division, setting up the training for the employees, acquiring resources, and organizing the work group into a productive team. This structure should constantly change to befit the organizational needs. Leading Leading involves influencing others to engage in the work behaviours necessary to reach organizational goals (Bartol 1997).The manager must communicate with his/her subordinates, explain his/her pla ns to them, and check and motivate them to exert their maximum efforts to achieve the goals. Motivation is an internal process that energizes spate to engage in certain types of behaviours. Frederick Winslow Taylors Scientific Management Movement, was one of the earliest attempts to understand and to deal with the problem of worker motivation. whatsoever major contributors to motivation theories are Abraham Maslow for the Hierarchy of needs theory, Douglas Mc Gregor for opening X and Theory Y, Frederick Herzberg for Motivation-Hygiene Theory.Leadership has been defined by Dobbins and Pettman (1997) as the cogency to motivate people to work towards achieving common goals, to make ordinary people display extraordinary performance. There are different theories of leaders with non-homogeneous stages at its development traditional theories, contemporary theories and future of leadership. The major contributors to leadership theories are Handy (1993), Kouzes and Pasner(1993), Caciop pe (1997), R. Likert(1961), Blake and Mouton (1964), Fiedler (1967), and Hersey-Blanchard (1968). ControllingControlling is the management function aimed at regulating organizational activities so that actual performance will conform to expected organizational standards and goals (Bartol 1997). Therefore, the controlling function consists of three step i) Establishing a standard or target, ii) Measuring current performance and study it with the standard, and iii) Taking corrective actions if deviations are detected. Control is essential at every(prenominal) managerial level since each level has its own planning and office regarding the respective set of activities.However, there is a misconception that control is from top management due to the fact that responsibility increases with the level of hierarchy. Integration of Marketing Function Integration is a marketing catchphrase of the moment. It has risen up because of social, market and technological developments have become mo re salient and significant than before. The harmonizing of corporate marketing must start with the planning process, by allowing adequate feedback and tractableness to achieve increased organizational fluidity.For the delivery of good customer satisfaction, there should be coordination at three levels. ? Co-ordination among various marketing activities. Nowadays companies need to use a wider range of communication tools and messages effectively by comprehend Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC). IMC requires integration and co-ordination of an organizations legion(predicate) communication channels, such as advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion and reality relations and publicity, to deliver a clear, consistent and compelling message about the organization and its products (Kotler, 2000).

‘Fortunate to survive so many enemies for so long’ – discuss this verdict of the Weimar, 1919-24

In November 1918, following the calamity of human race war One, the authoritarian German Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to abdicate. Two months later on the Weimar was established. This freshly authority promised to rule more liberally, and brought hope of freedom and victorfulness to the German the great unwashed. However, from its birth in 1919 to its collapse, the Weimar democracy was to face more problems. Thus, the verdict that the Weimar was fortunate to survive would seem correct. The Weimar began its rule over a nation in unfavourable circumstances with considerable deep-routed problems. These dated back to violet Ger umpteen, and were obvious even before the war.Germany had only been united since 1871. Social tensions had been created by rapid industrialisation that take to changes within the class brass, as agriculturists were comic of industrial workers taking their place. Also, Germanys economy was behind Britain had a larger navy, and colonial policy in Africa was not successful. This conduct to doubt concerning national efficiency. To marque matters worse, Germany was run by a narrow elite who was unsympathetic to the hardships his people faced. Less that half a century later, the First World War tho devastated Germany.The country encountered continual military defeats, army mutiny, low morale, woeful living and working conditions, food shortages, a lack of consumer goods, inflation and very a great deal more. As a result of these pressing problems, the Weimar had little choice only when to postulate the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. This had devastating consequences for Germany. Weakening the country economically, Germany was compel lead to book up much of its land including industrial regions such as Alsace Lorraine, turn in all of its colonies, dematerialise the Rhineland, disarm its army and eliminate its airforce, and pay reparations of i6,600 million.These things brought further hardship for the German people, as th e country was continually drained of its riches and re etymons. Socially stunting, Germany was forced to accept all responsibility for starting the war, and to accept article 231 the War Guilt Clause. This light-emitting diode to an overwhelmingly low morale. Politically, Germany was to suck up an Ally-friendly liberal government. This was a main cause of the introduction of a new constitution, and heavily influenced the style of the Weimar. The set-up of this new classless government itself brought problems for Germany.The Weimar adopted a policy of proportional pattern. This system worked effectively as long as the politicians were prepared to support the constitution. However, the President was given powers under article 48 which could, in times of national emergency, be used to undermine the democratic constitution. This was often abused, and led to dictator-like rulers. Also, the new constitution meant that the Republic consisted of many small parties that had to work toge ther in coalition governments with a proportional representation system.This did not work as the parties had very different political views, and so often couldnt agree on issues. As well as this, many parties within the Weimar actually disagreed with its existence. Leaders of the army, civil service and legal system disliked the new constitution. This lead to certain figures deliberately working against the Republic and stirred trouble in hope that it might fail. The most of import threat came from the President of the Republic from 1925, Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg.Thus, the Weimar itself led to further weakness in Germany. As well as sexual enemies, the Weimar as well faced a vast number of outer encounter groups. On the left of German politics, communists such as the Spartacists in 1919, seek to overthrow the government. On the other thoroughgoing, monarchists like Wolfgang Kapp in 1920, or extreme nationalists attempted to destroy democracy in Germany. These revolut ions undermined the Weimar, and rallied much opposition from the German people. The opposition also led to other flaws in the Weimar.For example, the Spartacist revolution resulted in the Eber-Groner pact, which was designed to protect Germany from Communism. However, this agreement represented a huge steal made by Ebert and his SPD colleges in believing that the threat to the Republic came originally from the left, when later the army wouldnt servicing protect the government against Hitler as he was right wing. Also, the very fact that the pact was needed showed that the Weimar was weak. The sum of these factors led to an overall weakness in the Weimar, though some are much more vital that others.Perhaps the most important was Treaty of Versailles, which led to social, economic, and most crucially political unrest as it also contributed to the success of the Weimars opponents i. e. the slogan of the November criminals, or the War guilt clause gave the Nazis a useful source of pr opaganda. Another vital weakness was constitution itself, which allowed both internal and outdoor(a) opponents to attack its weaknesses, such as proportional representation, or Article 48 which Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg used to undermine the Constituency.Also, many of the factors that led to the Weimars weaknesses inter-link with one another, for example the lack of German unity partly resulted due to previous deep-routed problems of Imperial Germany, or the Spartacist revolt that resulted in the unsuccessful Eber-Groner pact. Yet, notwithstanding all of these varied problems, the Weimar remained, supporting the statement that it was Fortunate to survive so many enemies for so long. Yet, there were some factors that worked in favour of the Weimar i. e. many people were simply relieved to have change, and pleased that the soldiers were able to deteriorate home.Another helpful act is that in 1926 reparations were reduced, and assistance was given to Germany to help with r e-building. Therefore, as well as simply withstanding defeat, the Weimar managed several accomplishments which led to an returns the German people way of life, for example the Constitution solved hyperinflation in 1923, and also improved foreign relations. Plus, after 1924 further improvements were made i. e. Dawes plan by Stresseman. Yet, overall the Weimars weaknesses seem to out-weigh its strengths, and hence the statement seems to be an accurate interpretation.

Famu Personal Statement

You dont have to be a person of influence to be influential. In fact, the most influential people in my life are probably not even aware of the things theyve taught me. Scott Adams. I believe that the iodine person that has the most influence in shaping my life is my grandmother. She has taught me how to be independent and courageous. Many people say that I am a lot like my grandmother because she and I both have real similar personalities and characteristics.By spending majority of my time with my grandmother, I have completed that she is very influential to my life. Mrs. Rubena Rose-Anderson was born in Palmers Cross, Clarendon, Jamaica to a poverty-stricken family. Because she was genius of 11 children, my grandmother was forced to grow up at an earlier age. At the age of 16, her father became ill with cancer and her mother passed away(p) a year later. She thusly was seen as the mother figure of her younger siblings. After she married my grandfather, Silburn Anderson, i n 1967 they then had 3 children.In 1979, she made an improbable decision by leaving her three children and husband behind in order to receive better opportunities here in America. Once she had a steady job and enough money, she was reunited with her husband and children in 1981. I delight in my grandmother largely and she has influencedme making me a very determined person. This hand taught me that sometimes in life we as people have to hold back very challenging choices in order to receive the best presbyopic term results.Growing up, she always reminded me to think for the future and not just in the now. She has also taught me to become independent. By being forced to be a mother figure at the young age of 17, she had to learn how to everything on her own, raise 10 children, and take care of her ill father. This is the reason wherefore I always try my hardest to get the best out of life. I feel that I should always take advantage of every great opportunity. If my grandmother could accomplish so much throughout her life then I should be able to do the same if not more.

Sandra Cisneros’ Eleven

cardinal or One hundred and Two? Sandra Cisneros short story eleven describes a young girl that is at a loss for address when her teacher embarrasses her in front of the class. How does Rachel convey her feelings on Mrs. Prices authority? Rachel says in the third paragraph that she wishes she was one hundred and two instead of eleven and in saying so she thinks that if she was that be on she would yield known the words to answer Mrs. Price when she made her put on the ugly sweater that was not hers at all.She adds the two to the hundred as it makes the impression that one hundred is normal old but by adding the two she would be really old and know what to say. We move on and find that Rachel has a very difficult time dealing with the viscous fact that Mrs. Price is forcing her to put on the red cottage cease smelling sweater and instead of standing up for herself she puts her head blue and starts to cry, she thinks about her school friends like Sylvia Saldivar who she says i s stupid but will in all likelihood tease her in the playground about the sweater.Rachel calms herself down with the thought of her parents delay for her at fireside with her birthday cake and candles and her papa coming home to sing happy birthday, To summarize we find that on one hired hand Rachel is a very mature girl that talks about age in a very distinct manner and on the separate hand she has a very passionate way of describing her feelings and the situation that she is in.

The Inseparable Link of Nursing and Caring

pity is a human instinct. Especi all(prenominal)y with great deal that argon close to our hearts, people would not hesitate to guardianship for their customary well- cosmos. much so, people whose duty is in the service sector, they atomic number 18 to a greater extent enjoined to armorial bearing for their customers. This is why swayion is some(prenominal) a duty and a indebtedness to people involved in the health rush trans swear out. As delimitate by Mosbys Medical, nursing and Allied Health Dictionary (2002), sympathize with bureau the actions characteristic of strike for the well-being, such as sensitivity, comforting, attentive listening, and candor for the diligent.One of the buy at re mental capacityers offered to health foreboding vocationals is that endurings are people. This is not because health care professionals do not know this or, worse, do not care most the status of their diligents. It is simply that in the cut and thrust of closing fa shioning in relation to the clinical focal point of a unhurrieds condition, the human side of health care can be overshadowed by its technical aspects.No doubt, to become a successful control, one prerequisite not only learn to deal with their patients as clients, fondness for them is primary(prenominal) to retard their recovery from any maladies. Since the days of Florence Nightingale, there has been a direct tie in between nursing and service to opposites (Kearney, 2001). When a child is asked why they indigence to become a doctor or a foster, they very much respond, To serve up other people. This response partially defines pity because pity cannot make out if others are not involved. Caring requires a recipient.Several theorists support unquestionable conceptual models based on caring. One of them is Dorthea Orem, who developed the Self- superintend Deficit fabric (1995). Orem believed that all man-to-mans desire to care for and meet their private care inev itably and that each person has varied abilities to participate in meeting his personal self-care necessitate.The nurse attempts to meet the clients self-care needs in an effort to reduce the clients self-care deficits. On the other hand, Watson (1999) believed that caring is a moral ideal and that nursing is a caring art and science. The client is the center of human caring. Finally, Leininger (2001) purported that nursing is a versed art cerebrateed on caring in harmonise with an individuals culture. To these theorists, caring definitely is a vital segment of nursing.Moreover, Bertero (1999) deemed that caring implicates all aspects of delivering nursing care to patients (p. 414). Thus, caring is the internality and the merge bone marrow of nursing. In her book, Leininger proposed that caring is the trademark of nursing practice awe is the essence and the cardinal unifying and dominant domain to characterize nursing. Care has in any case been postulated to be an essent ial human need for the full development, health maintenance, and endurance of human beings in all world cultures (1988, p. 3). These statements imply that caring is two the duty and responsibility of all nurses as members of the health care profession..Indeed, the telephone exchange aim of two nursing and medicine is to act in the scoop out interests of the patient. This is such an obvious statement that it is hardly worth background knowledge win on the page. However, the old adage easier said than done springs quick to mind once we begin to think out the practicalities of acting in the patients best interests. Most difficult, perhaps, is the question of how we know what the patient would ordinate these are.The place of call forth guidings is relevant here as they grant a very clear example of situations where the patients interests are known, until now they still lead to complex discussions about the validity of the patients view on their situation. The problem is that nurses have to be confident(predicate) that the component they face are the ones anticipated by the patient when the advance directive was made.With all the stress and challenges of being a nurse, coupled with the management of all-inclusive workloads and staff shortages within already restricted finances, it is not strike that the focus of nursing and caring gets lost within the biomedical emphasis. The advent of clinical supervision focused on reflective practice has promoted a focus of the emphasis towards patient-centered care and caring as central to nursing. It translates a social structure within which any nurse can develop both in person and professionally, maximizing their therapeutic potential to improve patient care turn balancing all challenges with caring for their patients.Although some nurses see their profession as a stepping stone for financial reward, others see nursing profession as a vocation that provides self-satisfaction or self-fulfillment. Whatever intentions they qualification have in mind, nursing defines who they are. nurse, to a professional, is a career plan, a central part of his core being and caring is the behavioral outcome.The concepts of essential relationships and self-reward whitethorn comprise care of others and care of self. Components of this service ideal include a profound sense of purpose, a true sense of cap great power, and a complex concern for others demonstrated as caring (Hood & Leddy, 2003, p. 32). Service to others provides a meaty life purpose. Service gives the individual feelings of competence in the ability to accomplish a task. Service is the link between concern for others and action in response to concern.Definitely, nurses would be able to meet a clients needs when provide services with care and concern. Caring is a commitment by the nurse to become involved, and its character is relational. Fact is that nurses entered into this relationship with their whole being as they chose to ventu re in this kind of profession (Bertero, 1999, p. 415). To realize that caring is more than than a physical presence, nurses should promote a relational concern for the patients well-being. It is essential that there is an active commitment for both the change of healing for the patient and to the furtherance of our nursing knowledge. Thus, there should be a union of caring and competence and the link should be seen as the last goal of the nursing practice.ReferencesBertero, C. (1999). Caring For and About Cancer Patients Identifying the center of the Phenomenon Caring through Narratives. Cancer Nursing, 22(6) 414420.Hood, L. and Leddy, S. (2003). Leddy and Peppers Conceptual Bases of Professional Nursing (5th ed.). Philadelphia Lippincott .Kearney, R. (2001). advancing Your life Concepts of Professional Nursing. Philadelphia F.A. Davis Company Leininger, M. (1988). Care The Essence of Nursing and Health. Detroit, MI Wayne demesne University Press.Leininger, M. (2001). Culture Care Diversity and Universality A surmisal of Nursing. capital of Massachusetts Jones and Bartlett.Mosbys Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary. (2002). Caring. Retrieved 27 October 2006, from xreferplus.Orem, D. (1995). Nursing Concepts of Practice (5th ed.). St. Louis Mosby.Watson, J. (1999). Nursing Human Science and Human Care (3rd ed.). Norwalk, CT Appleton-Century-Crofts.The Inseparable merge of Nursing and CaringCaring is a human instinct. Especially with people that are close to our hearts, people would not hesitate to care for their general well-being. More so, people whose duty is in the service sector, they are more enjoined to care for their customers. This is why caring is both a duty and a responsibility to people involved in the health care profession. As defined by Mosbys Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary (2002), caring means the actions characteristic of concern for the well-being, such as sensitivity, comforting, attentive listening, and hone sty for the patient.One of the frequent reminders offered to health care professionals is that patients are people. This is not because health care professionals do not know this or, worse, do not care about the status of their patients. It is simply that in the cut and thrust of decision making in relation to the clinical management of a patients condition, the human side of health care can be overshadowed by its technical aspects.No doubt, to become a successful nurse, one must not only learn to deal with their patients as clients, caring for them is important to assure their recovery from any maladies. Since the days of Florence Nightingale, there has been a direct link between nursing and service to others (Kearney, 2001). When a child is asked why they want to become a doctor or a nurse, they often respond, To help other people. This response partially defines caring because caring cannot occur if others are not involved. Caring requires a recipient.Several theorists have devel oped conceptual models based on caring. One of them is Dorthea Orem, who developed the Self-Care Deficit Model (1995). Orem believed that all individuals desire to care for and meet their personal care needs and that each person has varied abilities to participate in meeting his personal self-care needs. The nurse attempts to meet the clients self-care needs in an effort to reduce the clients self-care deficits. On the other hand, Watson (1999) believed that caring is a moral ideal and that nursing is a caring art and science. The client is the center of human caring. Finally, Leininger (2001) purported that nursing is a learned art focused on caring in accord with an individuals culture. To these theorists, caring definitely is a vital component of nursing.Moreover, Bertero (1999) deemed that caring includes all aspects of delivering nursing care to patients (p. 414). Thus, caring is the essence and the unifying core of nursing. In her book, Leininger proposed that caring is the tr ademark of nursing practice Care is the essence and the central unifying and dominant domain to characterize nursing. Care has also been postulated to be an essential human need for the full development, health maintenance, and survival of human beings in all world cultures (1988, p. 3). These statements imply that caring is both the duty and responsibility of all nurses as members of the health care profession..Indeed, the central aim of both nursing and medicine is to act in the best interests of the patient. This is such an obvious statement that it is hardly worth setting down on the page. However, the old adage easier said than done springs readily to mind once we begin to think out the practicalities of acting in the patients best interests. Most difficult, perhaps, is the question of how we know what the patient would say these are. The place of advance directives is relevant here as they present a very clear example of situations where the patients interests are known, yet t hey still lead to complex discussions about the validity of the patients view on their situation. The problem is that nurses have to be sure that the circumstances they face are the ones anticipated by the patient when the advance directive was made.With all the stress and challenges of being a nurse, coupled with the management of extended workloads and staff shortages within already restricted finances, it is not surprising that the focus of nursing and caring gets lost within the biomedical emphasis. The advent of clinical supervision focused on reflective practice has promoted a refocusing of the emphasis towards patient-centered care and caring as central to nursing. It provides a structure within which any nurse can develop both personally and professionally, maximizing their therapeutic potential to improve patient care while balancing all challenges with caring for their patients.Although some nurses see their profession as a stepping stone for financial reward, others see n ursing profession as a vocation that provides self-satisfaction or self-fulfillment. Whatever intentions they might have in mind, nursing defines who they are. Nursing, to a professional, is a career plan, a central part of his core being and caring is the behavioral outcome. The concepts of essential relationships and self-reward may comprise care of others and care of self. Components of this service ideal include a profound sense of purpose, a true sense of capability, and a deep concern for others demonstrated as caring (Hood & Leddy, 2003, p. 32). Service to others provides a meaningful life purpose. Service gives the individual feelings of competence in the ability to perform a task. Service is the link between concern for others and action in response to concern.Definitely, nurses would be able to meet a clients needs when provide services with care and concern. Caring is a commitment by the nurse to become involved, and its character is relational. Fact is that nurses entere d into this relationship with their whole being as they chose to venture in this kind of profession (Bertero, 1999, p. 415). To realize that caring is more than a physical presence, nurses should promote a relational concern for the patients well-being. It is essential that there is an active commitment for both the process of healing for the patient and to the furtherance of our nursing knowledge. Thus, there should be a union of caring and competence and the link should be seen as the ultimate goal of the nursing practice.ReferencesBertero, C. (1999). Caring For and About Cancer Patients Identifying the Meaning of the Phenomenon Caring through Narratives. Cancer Nursing, 22(6) 414420.Hood, L. and Leddy, S. (2003). Leddy and Peppers Conceptual Bases of Professional Nursing (5th ed.). Philadelphia Lippincott .Kearney, R. (2001). Advancing Your Career Concepts of Professional Nursing. Philadelphia F.A. Davis Company .Leininger, M. (1988). Care The Essence of Nursing and Health. Detro it, MI Wayne State University Press.Leininger, M. (2001). Culture Care Diversity and Universality A Theory of Nursing. Boston Jones and Bartlett.Mosbys Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary. (2002). Caring. Retrieved 27 October 2006, from xreferplus. http//www.xreferplus.com/entry/3031342Orem, D. (1995). Nursing Concepts of Practice (5th ed.). St. Louis Mosby.Watson, J. (1999). Nursing Human Science and Human Care (3rd ed.). Norwalk, CT Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Problem and Solution of Plastics

The chore and solution of tensile Recently, flexible has become one of the most serious befoulment problems in the world. According to a piece of news, it shows that every(prenominal) year worldwide tractile trash has been estimated at 260 million tons, and around ten percent ends up in the ocean. Many clean any more. As a result, in order to get back our beautiful ocean, hoi polloi must reprocess plastic and transubstantiate it into other energies. The tourism has become a coarse share that contri preciselyes to a countrys economy. Such as Maldives, every year, many stack go to Maldives to take a holiday.It used to be a beautiful beach thither, precisely now, a lot of plastic trash is thrown on it. Maybe at this moment, the economy there is not so trade good anymore furthermore, the clean ocean and the good air condition are disappearing. The same situation also happens to somewhat cities that are famous for mountains, for instance Taian, Huangshan. Their tourism is a l arge agree to their economy. A piece of news has reported that in Huangshan, the cleaners turn out to climb to the mountain to pick up the plastic bags, bottles and other trash.Therefore, people must recycle plastic it is not only good for our environment, but also beneficial to save the energies. The best action to address this problem is to recycle plastic and transform it into other energies. The first way is tan plastic in a special incinerator. The heat coffin nail be used for industrial power generation, according to a survey it shows that recycle 1 ton of plastic saves the equivalent of 5,774 kilowatt-hours of electric energy. In addition, many companies that using plastic to generate power have established in recent years. Another way to address this problem is Hydride decomposition.This method could transform sixty to eighty percent of the composition of plastic to common oil. rude oil is one of the most essential fuels in the world, roughly 88 percent of the crude oil is used to be fuel, and so recycle plastic abide make a contribution to saving the crude oil. In order to realize this transformation, the government should spend more notes on developing technology. Maybe it will cost much money, but once a country has an incinerator or a Hydride decomposition machine, they can be used for many years much plastic can be transformed and a lot of energies can be saved.Thus, cycle plastic and transforming it into other energies is the best action to address this big pollution problem. Everyone in the world should not throw plastic anywhere people should care more about the environment not always about themselves. Because a good environment is the insurance of peoples health, a clean ocean will get back to peoples life soon. The marine animals will live happy lives with their best friends-human being.

Introduction to Ergonomics

Dafpus skripsi Bridger, R. S. 1995. Introduction to Ergonomics. International Editions. Singapore McGraw- Hill Book Co. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. 2010. Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the EU-Facts and Figures. http//osha. europa. eu/en/publications/reports/TERO09009ENC (diakses pada tanggal 17 September 2012) Health and Safety Executive Authority. 2004. get to Grips with Manual Handling. UK sss http//www. hse. gov. uk/pubns/indg143. df (diakses pada tanggal 17 September 2012) Health and Safety Authority. 2005. counsel on the Management of Manual Handling in the Workplace.http//www.hsaeng/Publications_and_Forms/Publications/Retail/Management_Manual_Handling. pdf (diakses pada tanggal 17 September 2012) Kurniawidjaja, L. Meily. 2010. Teori dan Aplikasi Kesehatan Kerja. Jakarta Penerbit Universitas Indonesia (UI-Press). Nurmianto, Eko. 2004. Ergonomi Konsep Dasar dan Aplikasinya, 2nd. Ed. Surabaya Penerbit Guna Widya. Tarwaka, dkk. 2004. Ergonomi untuk Kesehatan, Keselamatan, & Produktivitas. Edisi I, Cetakan I. Surakarta UNIBA Press. Santoso, Gempur, Dr. , Drs. , M. Kes. 2004. Ergonomi Manusia, Peralatan, dan Lingkungan. Jakarta Prestasi Pustaka Publisher. Sastrowinoto, Suyatno, Ir. 1985. Meningkatkan Produktivitas dengan Ergonomi. Jakarta PT Pustaka Binaman Pressindo. Sumamur, P. K. , Rd. , MSc. 1989. Ergonomi untuk Produktivitas Kerja. Jakarta CV. hajji Masagung.Workplace Health, Safety and Compensation Commission of New Brunswick. 2010. Ergonomics Guidelines for Manual Handling, 2nd. Ed. , Australia Worksafe NB, http//www. worksafenb. ca/docs/MANUALEdist. pdf (diakses pada tanggal 03 Agustus 2012) WorkCover New South Wales Authority. 2012. Manual Handling Black Spots Manufacturing. effort Reference Group, http//www. workcover. nsw. gov. au/formspublications/pages/manualhandlingmanufacturing. aspx (diakses pada tanggal 06 November 2012)

Life is an Echo

career is an echo all fall downs jeopardize, The dev a sort, the bad, the false, and the true. So, point apart the world the best you stupefy & The best volition come rachis to you. A man and his son were walking in the forest. Suddenly the son trips and feeling a sharp pain he screams, Ahhhhh. Surprised, he hears a voice coming from the mountain, Ahhhhh. Filled with curiosity, he screams, Who are you? scarcely now the sole(prenominal) answer he receives is Who are you? This makes him angry, so he screams, You are a coward and the voice answers, You are a coward He waitresss at his generate asking, Dad, what is dismissal on? Son, he replies, pay attention Then he screams, I admire you The voice answers, I admire you The father sh a focusings, You are grand and the voice answers, You are wonderful The boy is surprised, but still washstandt understand what is going on. Then the father explains, People remember this ECHO but truly it is LIFE life history always joins you hold what you dig stern come out Life is a mirror of your actions. If you take much(prenominal) venerate, give to a greater extent love If you urgency more kindness, give more kindness If you demand understanding and respect, give understanding and respect. If you want batch to be patient and respectful to you, give patience and respectThis regulating of nature applies to every aspect of our lives. Life always gives you back what you give out. Your life is non a coincidence, but a mirror of your make doings. What is your echo? A good example would be how Maldives reacted in SAFF cup. They treasured Maldives to win any cost. Maldivians wanted itmore than anything else . They give tongue to, this is our time.. and they proved they were correctly. I feel, that Maldivians forgot that there should be a limit to everything. They said, football in mulhi gaumai faidhaa kodheynan. though its diffciult to re shoot the breeze of any use football is to the country in general.The station I am talking about is life gives back what we give, what we want. So we have to decide what we want out of life. Life Is An recall What you send out comes back. What you sow you reap. What you give you get. What you distinguish in others exists in you. Remember, Life is an Echo. It always gets back to you. As I have said in many previous posts conjure ups of head are contagious. If we had a put in of assessment meter and could measure how contagious it is, it wouldnt be affect when we discovered that when a mortal who is upbeat, positive, light-hearted and charismatic enters into a room throngs moods and states of estimation tend to lift.In the same manner when that same person is in a bad mood, full of discouragement and negativity heap go forth tend to be pulled downif they arent aware of how their cerebration functions. I am sure you nonice this when you come into the presence of individual who is either nix or up beat. If you are in a subaltern mood, your spirit leave behind be lifted and before you notice it you are laughing, joking and seeing all the good in life. Or how you might be in a good mood and past you run into someone who is quetch, whining and miserable and within minutes, if not seconds, you find your good spirits lowered.When working with people, whether you are a rear, social worker, psychologist, manager or CEO, it is imperative to understand the powerful role of states of mind because your state of mind and quality of conceive ofing you bring to the table in any devoted moment depart not only determine your behavior and deed but it will effect those around you. When you make the link between your estimateing and your state of mind you will begin to see wherefore things turn out in life the way they do.In fact if you want to understand why things turn out the way they turn out in life for people you want to understand states of mind and you will begin to see the limitles s power of state of mind. The state of mind that we operate from on a moment to moment basis essentially creates our experience in life. If we look out through our eyes and see a harsh, cold, difficult world that is exactly what we will get back and I am not talking about the law of magnet here. I am talking about the Principles behind human cordial functioning Mind, Consciousness and Thought.If you are harsh and reactive to people they will respond in kind. If you come to a face-off agitated and put off with your problems, worries and concerns on your mind, everyone in that room will be effected. Un make loveingly they will take on your state. In the same way, if you come to that same meeting with a clear, open, carefree mind and ready to listen everyone will result in kind to some degree. This is especially true with your kids, customers and employees. In low states of mind you are more reactive and in higher states of mind you are responsive.Imagine working for a company w here your stump is constantly in operation(p) from low states of mind and leads with knee-jerk reactions? Imagine a family now. Imagine a work environment where the boss is responsive, light-hearted, and present. Which boss would you jump hoops through? Which boss would you want to work under? Now who would you want as your parent if you were a kid? Did your parents parent out of a reactive state of mind or responsive? The greatest gift we gouge give our children, our partner, our family, our loved ones, our employees is the gift of operating from the highest state of mind and being expert and present.If states of mind are contagious and we run around long faced, complaining about money, the weather, the world, politics we pass that on to our children and everyone we come into progress to with. If you think that sacrificing your own bliss and mental well-being contributes to your childs mirth you are unwittingly schooling them to over ride their own ingrained mental well-be ing and happiness. What is worse is that they are growing up in a deprived environment as a result of your imprint that you have to sacrifice your happiness and psychological functioning in the bring up of being a good parent.At best your kids may be a miniature crook happier than you were as they grew up, but usually they mimic what they were taught.. What is the communicate or lesson you are teaching your children and others when you are willing to sacrifice your happiness? Really stop and think about that. Your kids, your staff, your family wants and needs for you and I to be happy. Your happiness is the greatest contributing factor to having happy, emotionally healthy, secure children and afterwards adults. I dont mean ecstatic and euphoric, but sane, unchanging and content with the way we see life as we look out our eyes.They thrive in that environment and when you are resolved that your happiness and mental well-being are your top priority and your sight, demands and s ituations wont come to your teartment to your well-being, you will pass that gift on to everyone you come in contact with. When you lose site of that and your thinking goes south you will suffer the consequences in broken relationships, broken marriages, disgruntled employees who have bad attitudes and your ability to yield and empower people will be all but lost.If you want to have confident, emotionally stable children without all the typical teenage rebellion, a great marriage, great relationships and employees who will jump through hoops for you, commit yourself to your own happiness and mental well-being. You take the lead and they will prosecute because it is that contagious Take Away If people are reacting to you in negative ways, notice what is on your mind. What thoughts are you running through your head. Are you agitated, grumpy, crank or distracted? Are you ruminating or dwelling on problems and issues? get out your thinking and realize that happiness is an inside ou t trade not the other way around. A good gauge to know your thinking is going south would be how you feel. If you feel any of the to a higher place thing, stop and check in with your thoughts. The body is such that whatever you think returns to us as a feeling and not the other way around. It is instant messaging of the brain. Regardless of what problems you are facing or what circumstances you find yourself in, you can be calm and at peace. You are the thinker, the artist. from each one of us is given inningless energy too work with and the form we create is what we call our life, our experience.When we focus, ruminate, analyze and process our problems we just get deeper into them and seldom do we find any lasting solutions. In fact, it is this mind set that keeps us reacting to life resulting in knee-jerk decisions, often keeping us stuck or taking us deeper. When we take our focus off of our worries, concerns and problems the solutions often come to us as insights and many ti mes the answer is so obvious, but we couldnt see it because we had our mind so preoccupied and block. This preoccupied and blocked mind will also cause issues in interpersonal relating.Slow down, let your mind settle and your thoughts simmer down and the jewels you are looking for will appear. Think about it. I read a story immediately that relates a story that applies to everything we do and become in life, and the causes for it. It starts off with a boy and his father hiking through the mountains. The father gets a bittie bit ahead and the boy slips and bangs his leg on a rock and yells, Ouch virtually immediately he hears Ouch coming right back at him. A little startled he yells out to the mountains, Who are you, thinking it was someone mocking him.He gets the same response. He then yells, You coward, and just the same way it has been happening, he heard the same response Getting more frustrated and about to burst into fury, he looks to his father and asks him, Whats going on? His father just smiles and says, Son, pay attention He then yells back to the mountain, I admire you, You are a Leader, You are a champion, You can do anything With each phrase he received the same response in return. The boy looks and little confused so the father explains, Son, people call this an ECHO but really this is LIFE.It gives you back everything you say or do. Life is a reflection of our actions If you want more live in the world, it stolon starts with creating more love in your heart. If you want more competence in your team or your employees, become more competent yourself. If you want more respect, give more respect. If you want all out massive success, process others to become successful. This relationship applies to everything, in all areas of life. Your life is not a coincidence it is a reflection of YOU Two of the most sought after things in this world are TIME and MONEY Making more money is the easy part.I can teach you how to create wealth, but you can never get more time. Wouldnt it be great if you could just phone number out how to have both? I have.. and can teach you how to do it as well. Stop Settling and Start Living at once a little boy in a fit of anger shouted at his spawn that he hated her. Fearing punishment, he ran out of the house to the hillside & shouted into the valley,I hate you, I hate you, I hate you. The valley echoed back, I hate you, I hate you, I hate you. Startled, the boy ran back & told his mother there was a little boy in the valley saying he hated him. is mother told him to return & shout, I love you, I love you. The little boy did & this time he discovered there was a nice little boy in the valley saying, I love you, I love you. Remember, what you say coms back to you LIFE is a MIRROR, as well as an ECHO. It gives back what you give. MAKE A DIFFERENCE I read a very inspiring article from a friend which made me think about the truth behind it. When you look at yourself in the mirror you see your real looks. That is why before we go outside of our room, we look at our face and overall appearance.Then either we metamorphose our clothes with a better one or we put something in our faces or change hairstyle just to look better. Life is a mirror. During our struggles for something, we find that whatever our commentary is, we get results according to what we had invested. It is not right for some people to forebode wealth when they do not put their efforts to getting wealth. And it is not right for people to live in luxury when they do not have the means to to achieve it. Most importantly, it is not right for anybody to steal the quality of somebody just to live up a good life. Life is an echo.When you say good things about your neighbor, he will in turn say the same things about you to other people. It is as if your words bounces back to you. So be careful because if you say anything bad about anybody, whether he heard it not not, you will have a bad build according to that somebody. What is bad about an echo is that whoever hears it, puts it back even if he is not guilty or he is not the object of that echo. We do not want to receive anything bad. So how do we make a difference. Simple, just follow the old adage, do unto others as you would have others do unto you.

Howard Gardner -Theory Essay

close discipline institutions generally focus commandment on the linguistic and mathematical intelligence. Children in pre-school are firstly taught to crawl in their ABCs and to count from one to ten. Those who can recite the alphabet headspring are considered bright students. Learners who can doaddition at an primaeval age are placed on the honors list. It had been that intelligence is measured victimization IQ tests.The higher the IQ is the smarter the person is. But the Theory of ten-fold Intelligences, proposed by Howard Gardner in the year 1983, states otherwisewise. The system prefatoryally implies that other than linguistic and mathematical competence, at that place are other or duplex aspects of the learning that should be considered as intelligence also.Likewise, the opening points out that standardized IQ tests is not a sufficient measurement of smartness or compactness of a person. Gardners theory stirred the psychological and educational communities. It trustworthy change reactions. Some were impressed and readily accepted the theory as it explains the differences of individually students.Yet, some raised their eyebrows and issues sprouted as questions of validity and semiempirical evidences of the theory may not sustain the claims of the theory. There pitch been a lot of debates pertaining to multiple intelligences. Several writers have also expressed their varied opinions regarding the topic. Indeed the theory proves to be an interesting milestone in the find out of human learning and cognitive sciences.It also gives a lot of sharpness on how education in the future would affect the incompatible abilities of each person. The theory, which is more than 20 years old, is already accepted and even unified in some school but at the same(p) conviction still in the middle of scrutiny.Howard Gardner was born in 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. His parents were to begin with from N rnberg, Ger legion(predicate). They went to the U S in 1938 with their three-year old son Eric. Before Gardner was born, Eric died in a sleighing accident. These were not known to Howard during his childhood but have a fairly significant impact upon his thinking and development.He was discouraged from arduous risky physical activities and was rather encouraged to develop his creative and rational abilities. As he began to find out his family story, he realized that he was different from his parents and friends. For his education , he went to a preparatory school in Kingston , Pennsylvania against his parents wish to send him to Phillips Academy in Andover , mommy . After that, Gardner attended Harvard University and took up a course in history in preparation for a career in law. In Harvard he was sufficient to study under scholars like Eric Erickson, sociologists David Riesman and cognitive psychologist Jerome Burner.Howard Gardners theory on multiple intelligences attempts to provide a comprehensive view of intelligence. In t he psychological era where the single theory prevailed, Gardner broke away and halt from put intling with clean a single circumstanceor to be held prudent for intelligence. He rejected the idea of measuring intelligence through IQ tests. According to Howard Gardner, human beings have nine different kinds of intelligence that consult different ways of interacting with the world.Gardner developed the well-known theory of eight multiple intelligences, consisting of verbal/linguistic, musical, logical/mathematical, visual/spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist intelligences. For Gardner, a person mustiness satisfy a range of these criteria in order to quality as a person possessing intelligence. This is a much better theory, because it does not ensnare itself to a single entity.Compared to a single theory of intelligence where the theorist must restrict himself into choosing one that would provide the answer to measuring a persons knowledge and abilities, Gardners theory opens itself to the possibility that there could be many areas where a person could demonstrate his skills and knowledge.The benefit of Gardners theory of multiple intelligences lies in its being an account of human science in its fullness. It takes into account that man is equipped with a basic set of intelligences and that each man is unique with respect to which different components of the set of intelligences he may possess. This leads to the notion that man has the opportunity of taking advantage of his uniqueness by tailoring his education in accordance with his strengths and weaknesses.Howard Gardner introduced his theory of multiple intelligences in 1983. Multiple Intelligences is a theory about the hit that says human beings are born with a single intelligence, that cannot be changed, and is mensural by a psychologist. Gardner believes that that there is eight different intelligences in humans. Most intelligence tests only one or two intellig ences, usually voice communication and logic. Six others according to Gardner are musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.Gardner believes that bothone acquires all eight of these intelligences, and through environment, genetics, and different experiences no two concourse have the same make up of intelligences. Because of these differences we need to look at educating students differently. We can either overlook these differences in our students and teach them all the same way, or realize that all students have different intellectual strengths and weaknesses, and factor these differences into the way we teach our students. Unfortunately in our schools if a student has an projecting of the intelligences language, and logic, than they leave behind have no worry passing the kind of tests that are given in school, which in unloose will make them feel that they are very smart.But other student who may have weaker language, and logic inte lligences but is altogether just as intelligent as the other student, will never is able to pass the tests required in our schools. And in turn these students will nurture up feeling as if they are not smart, when in fact they can be extremely intelligent. Some students may have a better understanding of subjects if only they were taught to use any other of their intelligences to understand a position subject.Students and educators need to figure out how a particular mind works, for them to better learn and understand. If a student at an archaean age feels that they are not as smart as the other students, it will affect them for their whole lives. They will feel differently about themselves, and school. This will also cause a low self-esteem which will hurt them, and keep them from reaching their full potential. Gardner believes that a student first needs to try to improve their language, and logic intelligences, but if they cant they should know that they still have the ability to learn, and should try using many of their other intelligences.Basically educators and students need to realize that no two people think the same way, and need to modify the curriculum to help every student learn and understand. Gardner believes that elementary school should not be a time of strict, disciplined learning, but a time to teach the bliss of learning. Young children need to learn the differences between, opinions, beliefs, and evidence, and this will carry them throughout the later education years.I think that in our schools we have some a few programs like classes for gifted students, and classes for slower students. But when it comes down to it everyone is taught the same material in the same way, and is everyone is expected to pass the same test. I think that seeing what Gardner believes in our classrooms today would be encouraging, and wonderful. But I also think that realistically it would be very difficult to be carried out in all of our schools. But when it co mes down to it we as a nation needs to realize that our children are the future of our country.ResourcesWebsitehttp//www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/education/ed_mi_overview.htmlJuly 19, 2010http//www.thelearningweb.net/chapter10/page365.html

Hamlet: Women of the Shakespearean Era

juncture Women of the Shakespearean Era Women in Shakespeares getfulnesss are, for the most part, looked at as weak characters. There were only ii main effeminate roles in his famous play juncture. The two female roles in the play are Queen Gertrude, hamlets mother, and Ophelia, Hamlets love and daughter of Polonius. These women are always being told what to theorise and do. They never speak up for themselves, and that creates trouble for them in the end. In William Shakespeares play, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark the women are manipulated by the men, which ca expends Gertrude and Ophelia to die tragically.The double standards for women in this play are extremely common and many men everywhere use them. For example, the double standard that men can sleep around and women can non. Laertes tells Ophelia that she should not give up her innocence to Hamlet because he has not rescue himself for her and their love is not real, yet Laertes is not pure himself. This is k ind of a do as I say, not as I do type of situation. Most double standards demonstrate that, males can do whatsoever they please and females get in trouble for most things.To be more than specific, Gertrude and Ophelia were both told to talk to Hamlet so Polonius and Claudius could listen in and witness out certain things about Hamlet. Ophelia was even forced to reject Hamlet when she loved him. Also, the women in the play are not free to bond whoever they desire. For example, when Gertrude married Claudius it was not really her choice to do so. The first prison term they disobey the men in this story is when things start to go bad. Ophelia ends up going crazy and drowning, and Gertrude drinks from a poisoned cup of wine and dies.David Bevington had quite a few things to say on the female roles in this play. He refers to Ophelia and Gertrude as instruments through which Claudius attempts to spy on Hamlet (Bevington 301). This is true because they listen to Claudius and do whate ver he asks of them. Also, he says that Hamlet makes it known that the women are weak. Hamlet says, frailty, thy name is woman (I. ii. 146). This play shows that women have a manipulative look to them. Many forms of trickery occurred to Hamlet when he had not done anything revile to the women.Ophelia makes it seem like she does not love Hamlet and gives him back his love letters to her at one point in the play. This entire play is just pure madness from the beginning all the way work on the last act and scene. The females get caught up in the middle of the drama, and that is why they have the bad reputation we have. Joseph Campbell described to us in an interrogate about why women are portrayed how they are. He says that women have been seen as weak since the beginning of time.Most of the time it is because women are smaller and more little(a) than the men are. You never see women doing anything for themselves, and if you do it is on a lofty occasion. That is why women are por trayed and treated how they are. Work Cited Bevington, David. Introduction to Hamlet. Hamlet. William Shakespeare. Evanston HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. , 1992. 301. Print. Campbell, Joseph. The wedges Adventure. The Power of Myth. Interview by Bill Moyers. Wellspring Media, Inc. , 2005. DVD. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Evanston McDougal little, 1997. Print.

Tsar Nicholas Ii

Nicholas II abdicated the throne in 1917 up until then, the Russian Royal family had ru direct for all everywhere three hundred age. Throughout this period, they faced many problems and uneasy predicaments, a lot of these centering on Nicholas II as czar. A conspiracy of hanker and short-term problems led to the decline and eventual origin of the Romanov dynasty. Tsar Nicholas II ignored these issues, staying true to his coronation vow to uphold Autocracy, and so played a life-sustaining role in the plummet of the Empire. A flaw in Tsar Nicholas II Autocratic style of sentiment was his conflicting personality.He was a family orientated man, and they often took priority over public opinion and looking after his country especially his son, Alexei who suffered severely from Hemophilia which consumed just about of him, and his wife, Tsarina Alexandras time caring for him. some other flaw in his personality was that he required absolute power and that all ends were to be mad e by The Tsar himself. He was blind to the political and well-disposed realities of his expansive and diverse empire. These aspects were key components in Nicholas II role in the fall of The Romanov Dynasty.Due to Tsar Nicholas II failure to address economic and fond grievances, Russia was in a state of unease, regularly holding strikes to express their grievances. one(a) of their main concerns was the effect of industrialization. Even though Russia ranked fifth among the industrial nations of the world in terms of industrial productions, the conditions of the workers were bad. Their wages were low, their working hours were long and their livelihood conditions were intolerable crowded together in barrack with no healthy and sanitary facilities.As well as enduring poor living conditions at home, the conditions in the factories were non of higher quality. Due to the many years of oppression, the workers demanded change from the Tsar and became crucial elements in the downfall of the Empire. Many critical events occurred in 1905 including the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) caused by territorial disputes, due to this war, Russia suffered a series of humiliating defeats and a large number of casualties. In addition to this things on the home front werent too pleasant either, trade with ther countries slowed, sustenance prices climbed, and many people were at the point of starvation. Russia was forced to surrender to Japan. Another turning event in 1905 was intentionally peaceful rally led by George Gapon in order to settle disputes, which move into the massacre of over 100 workers and wounded over 300. In August of 1905 Nicholas II plight to introduce basic civil liberties, which provided the State Duma with Legislative powers, however this did not last long as Nicholas II was determined to retain his peremptory rule, and so he issued Fundamental Laws denying the Duma Responsible Government.These incidents signaled the start of the 1905 revolution and thus , the fall of the Romanov Dynasty. On August 1st 1914 Germany declared war on Russia. On this announcement Russia swiftly advanced into Germany through East Prussia. Early military disasters such as the defeats at Masurian Lakes and Tannebugurg weakened the Russian Army well in these initial stages of War. These losses were large in military and money, move great strain in its already crumbling system.In September 1915, Tsar Nicholas II assumed the foremost role in the military The commander-in-chief, this was an ill-judged decision on Nicholas II part, as he had no military fosterage whatsoever and his departure from St Petersburg leaving his wife, Tsarina Alexandra essentially in authority of Russia. And increasingly unpopular decision, on account of Alexandra being of German heritage, and as a result of the war, the Russian people detested everything German, and believed Alexandra was a spy for Germany.The Russian people also resented the influence Gregory Rasputin had ove r Alexandra, The people viewed him as immoral and he brought huge disrepute on the Romanov family. The impacts of The War lay an unbearable on Russias weak government and economy, the improper handling of these affairs turned the people against the Tsar and the growth of political impedance to the Tsar a direct link in the downfall of the empire. The effects of World War One on Russia were profound.Russias once unique financial stability was demolished by the War, the disruption of their transport system, the shortfall in food supplies and the rapidly rising price in supplies created a foundation for a revolution, and also, a considerable loss in assumption of the Tsar. On the 23rd February, International Womens Day, the women of Petrograd led a revolt through the workers districts. They were fed up with waiting for bread, often waiting outdoor(a) bakeries overnight to be first in line.This chaotic riot turned into a revolution when chief of the military district, usual Kh abalov when he order his troops to fire on the unarmed crowds The chief of the military district, widely distri scarceed Khabalov, could not cope with the situation. The turning point of this situation was after the General issued his orders, his army refused to fire upon the thousands of protestors. Nicholas the II knew he had no choice but to abdicate the throne and he did.On the 15th March 1917 Tsar Nicholas II abdicated his throne. In conclusion, the decline and fall of the Romanov Dynasty was a culmination of numerous events, flaws and gainsay opinions, Tsar Nicholas II being the focal point in the gigantic majority of these problems. Nicholas Romanov was the last Tsar of Russia, his inability to attend to his countrys need and fully carryout his obligations, lead to political and unrest and the growth of new ideas resulting in the fall of the Romanov family.

Hubspot Case Essay

The business in this case is that Hubspot needed to make a transition from its sign start-up structure (organizational structure, target customers and price strategy) in order grow, and the dilemma was how to exposego approach this change. Hubspot faced three main issues for this a) identify target customers, b) transfer their pricing model and c) how to develop the growth strategy.Hubspot was good at structure a community, e.g. over 300000 unique visitor in 2008, and thousands of freew atomic number 18 subscriptions in 2009. til now they had a diverse universe of customers, from humiliated business owners (Ollies) to selling professionals (Marys), contrasting type of business ranging B2B or B2C, and size (over or under 25 employees). Table C shows on that point was a potential market evenly distributed among B2B and B2C. For Hubsport, the decision to identify a target customer was difficult. This is seen when contrasting exhibits 6 where 73% of customers were Ollies and exhibit 5 which indicated that Marys accounted for 68% of stark naked customers from Sep-Dec 2008. Although the B2B customers were important for Ollies and Marys, there was an interesting growth of Marys in B2C. Thus a segmentation of customer was required to better assess their different needs.At the end of 2008, Hubspotss convergences responded to the main two customers (Ollies and Marys), still its pricing model was similar for both, where Marys pass a slightly high-pitcheder monthly amount as its parcel package included more than features (exhibit 7). This was something Hubspot needed to analyze as Ollie and Marys had respective(a) pros and cons as customers. Ollies represented a lower cost to puzzle ($1000) and where right away to sign in, but cancel subscription early, while Marys cost more to acquire ($5000) and took longer to sign in, by stayed for longer using the harvest-festival. Assuming no travail rate an Ollie had to maintain subscription for 2 months and M arys had to maintain subscription for 9 months, to pay off their acquiring cost. The anteriorscenario meant that HubSpots 2008 projections including the 100 paying customers from 2007 do the veritable pricing model not viable to support the high cost of Marys (see extension 1).Another issued faced was the Hubsport was still a small family, seen in that it only had few engineers to build the software therefore it was firm to catch up with the sales team. Thus the product vs customer vs pricing situation presented an optimization and planning issue to keep the company growing.The previous two points require a growth strategy. At the same clipping it made the owners question their vision, i.e. to inbound or outbound. The strategy for growth had to sort out which customer to target, how to roll-out the respective products, whether to keep it a SaaS, and the transition into a new pricing structure to maintain current customer and capture more value from new ones.The objective of our proposed solutions is to keep Hubspot as the software-to-have for inbound merchandise and grow financially from a start-up to an established business. For this we set out the followers actionsHubspots culture and vision should be maintained. Web 2.0 is continuing evolving as more businesses are using the various channels and HubSpot can key itself as the inbound marketing which weighs more than outbound marketing (inbound represents 37% marketing budget while outbound 30%). HubSpot has the expertise to acquire traffic and analyze and qualify leads filling the respective demand of Ollies and Marys. At the same time we differentiate from our two main competitors by proving a lower price (Eloqua is more expensive) and focusing on inbound marketing (Marketo is a mix of inbound and outbound). Our conclusions are founded by overlaying HubSpots agonistic field (exhibit 3) with customers needs a) traffic creation and b) leads analysis and qualifications, in farm animal with HubSpo ts main strengths, as seen in appendix 2. Thus the company should not consider outbound as an alternative.As showed in appendix 4, our two segmented customers have showed different needs in terms of product features and consumption behavior. Based on the current churn out rate, we can estimate consumer lifetime value of Ollies is $4,750 and Marys $10,500 (see calculation in appendix 3). Therefore, according to our segmentation strategy, we propose following product bundles by differentiating product price and product features 1) Product pricingAs Ollies have a shorter customer life and less marketing budget, we advert keeping current up-front payment and a lower monthly fee. As suggestion, up-front $500 and monthly fee in the range of $150 to $250. As Marys have a longer customer life and lower price sensitivity we suggest increasing both up-front and monthly fee. As suggestion up-front $600 and monthly fee in the range of $600 to $750. Meanwhile, Marys are interested in deeper analytics, we suggest spare fee for each service of deeper analytics. As CMS system helps lower churn rate, we suggest initial fee of $300 covering 6 hours consulting to support both of them to workout such service. 2) Product featuresAs Ollies prefer immediate and simple solutions, we suggest tailor-made product focusing on generating leads. As Marys have a high demand of analytics, we suggest tailor-made product with more innovative tools to meet the needs of deeper analytics. As frequent log-in helps lower churn rate, we suggest to provide service update on a regular basis to encourage a continuous use of our service.After clearly identifying the segmentation of consumer and differentiation of products, we need ensure market-centered organizations that are capable of translating strategy into actions1) EngineeringTo invest on product nurture and innovation to continuously provide with relevant service to enhance our competitory advantage of generating leads as well as anal ytics. 2) Sales forceTo split sales force to separately serve Maryer & Ollies by providing Maryer with long-term, more sophisticated support, providing Ollies with quick & simple service.3) MarketingTo continue make a thrum for inbound marketing to create inbound marketing community quite than a simple businessFinally the strategy has to be excitable to our current customers, Appendix 5 indicates a tentative layout of the plan. Starting with the interior(a) reorganization, then gradually change the product offering for consumers.

Compound Interest and Cellphone User

Entire Review Problems Cumulative- Practice 1. At a certain car wash, 40 more cars than vans go through on a typical day. If each car pays $12 and each van pays $16 and the total earned per day is $2244, find the number of vans that go through the wash. 2. a) In the Fine Company, the chief executive officer must invest in 30% more shargons than the CFO. The sh ares sell for $10. 20 each and the total assess of the shares causeed by the two of them is $132 549. shape the number of shares owned by the chief operating officer. b) The Fine Companys total pull ahead for the socio-economic class was $ccc 000. pin down the P/E ratio ( hurt to earnings ratio) for Fine Company, assuming that the CEO and CFO together own 5% of the number of stocks in the company. (Remember that price=price per share and earnings= profit earned per share) 3. The ratio of malesfemales in the 1st year at TRSM is 54 this year. If the school had admitted cc more males, the ratio would dumbfound been 32. Fin d the number of students actually admitted this year. 4. a) Solve the system of equations b) If you graph both of these lines, what does the answer you found patch up? c) Graph both lines and verify your answer graphically. . The following equations represent lines that are a) parallel b) intersecting c) are the same line. Circle the correct answer. 3x-6y = 7 9x-18y=20 6. It turns out that $1 CAN is worth 0. 63 euros. When I go to Europe and get ready to return to Canada, I have 500 Euros left, which I exchange. The person rear endnot give me change and ever so rounds pass to the nearest Canadian dollar, in order to make a profit. How galore(postnominal) Canadian dollars do I get back? How much profit does she make? 7. Solve for x 8. The following chart represents a keep up done on cadre use as shown. Cellphone No Cellphone Total Under 25 600 100 25 or everywhere 260 320 Total If a person is selected at random from those polled, match the opportunity that a) a cellph one user is selected b) a person downstairs 25 is selected c) a person under 25 and a cellphone user is selected d) a person over 25 or a cellphone user is selected e) the person is over 25, given that (s)he is not a cellphone user If two people are selected from those polled, determine the probability that f) they are both cellphone users g) at least one of them is a cellphone user ) at least one of them is 25 or over, given that they are both cellphone users 9. In a game of Subtract, two dice are rolled and the smaller number is always subtracted from the larger number. Put all the possible results on the chart shown under Result 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Determine the probability that a) a dispatch of 4 is rolled b) a score is great than or equal to zero c) a score is greater than 5 d) a score is less than or equal to 4 e) a score is less than 2, given that one die shows a 3. ) The most likely score is rolled 10. Tel stock has gone up by 2%, up 15% and down 17% over the past three years. If the stock was originally take to bed at $10 per share, shown that the price has changed overall, even though the decreases and increases add up to 0% overall. Find the % increase or decrease over the three year period. 11. forty percent of all car accidents involve alcohol. 80% of all drivers are over 25. Sixty percent of all accidents involving drivers age 25 or younger involve alcohol. An accident occurs. Find a) the probability that a driver consumed alcohol and is over 25. ) the probability that a driver is over 25 given that he/she has consumed alcohol. c) the probability that she/he is 25 or younger and has not consumed alcohol. 12. Let t represent the number of years I have owned a car. Let y represent the re foster of the car. Assume a linear model applies. (see table below) a) Find the huckster and explain what it represents b) Find the equation of the line c) Find the y break and explain what it way d) Fill in the m issing values in the table. e) A second car I own has the formula y=-3000t + 29 910. When will the cars I own have the same value? t y 1 3 20000 12365 7275 13. A stock increases 6% annually each year for 8 years and is worth $80 per share at the end of that period of time. Find the original value when you purchased the stock if a) the affaire was calculated on the basis of simple pursuit. b) the interest was calculated based on compound interest. 14. A company claims that they can double their money in one year less if the interest rate is 10% per annum compounded daily versus 9% per annum compounded annually. rove or dispute this claim showing your calculations. Answers 1. 63 vans 2. a) CFO=5650 shares, CEO=7345 b) 8. 84 3. 1800 4. ) (2,-3) b) pt of intersection c) not shown 5. Parallel (same slope, different y intercept) 6. $793 (she makes 65 cents profit) 7. x=27 8 a) 43/64 b) 35/64 c) 15/32 d) 59/64 e) 16/21 f) 45. 1% g) 89. 25% h) 51. 35% 9. a) 1/9 b) 1 c) 0 d) 1/18 e) 5 /11 f) 5/16 10. at sea 26 cents overall, 2. 6% 11. a) 28% b) 70% c) 8% 12. a) slope =-2545 means the car loses $2545 in value each year I own the car b) y=-2545t+27635 c) $27635= original price of car d)(1,25090), (8,7275) e) after 5 years, they are worth the same 13. a) $54. 05 b) $50. 19 14. It is true. In fact, it takes 1 year 39 days less time.

Purpose of Education Essay

pedagogy get under ones skinment is very important in life-time today to buy the farm successful. There atomic number 18 umteen necessary staple principles and things that a person forget learn in cultivate. One of these basic and some vestigial things is to read and write. Reading and writing is so important in life because it is hard to communicate and remark the rules of society without being able to or knowing how to do it. Many signs and rules are written out and if you rout outt read you will be lost and unable to follow the rules. There is definitely more than whiz purpose of education. The purposes of education are to make an singular aware, to earn bills, and to develop kind skills.An individual learns many of the basic things about life in school. The fundamentals of science and math, which one acquires during school, are pillars on which his understanding of life is based (Oak). Basic attachment and learning about the valet de chambre in which we bear is done in school. We become aware of the world and learn why certain things are the way they are. Its through education that you learned about yourself and the world around you. Thats the basic purpose of education to make an individual aware. (Oak). You learn about your body parts, why they are there, and what they do, in school. steady though these things might be simple, they are mostly learned in school.School is where people interact constantly and develop strong relationships. pedagogics helps an individual acquire social skills, which enable him to interact with people around, watch social relations and blend well with former(a)s in society (Oak). These social skills are used throughout a persons inviolate life. No matter what everyone communicates with other people. Every job requires some grapheme of communication, so these skills are very important to develop, which happens in school. Education excessively exposes him to emulation (Oak). Today there is a lot of co mpetition for jobs and to bond into colleges. A person needs to learn to deal with competition and contest as best as possible, and this takes place in school.One of the most important purposes of education is to earn money. People are more entice to employers when they have a college degree or a masters in a field of study than someone with only a gritty school diploma. The person with more education will most credibly get the job because they are more qualified. Many employers use your take aim of education to determine the salary that you will receive when you are engage (Baker). People with high educations receive more money. Statistics show that people with higher education make as much as $200,000 more all over a lifetime than those with lesser education (Baker). It is almost impossible to live without money, so education provides a way to make more money so that you can live a better life by being able to afford all necessities. Then luxuries can be bought which make some people feel happy and more accomplished.Education is almost necessary today to find any job other than labor jobs. Education can only help in devising a person more qualified for jobs that pay more. Even the basic knowledge along with the basic life skills and lessons learned in school can make someone a better well-rounded person. It will give them an advantage over people who are less educated. Everything in the world comes down to competition and education and the workplace is where the most competition occurs. The main purposes of education are to make an individual aware, to earn money, and to develop social skills.Works CitedBaker, Sam. How Higher Education Can Make A Difference. Grad Money Matters. Web. 21 Mar. 2012. . Oak, Manali. Beliefs about the Purpose of Education. Buzzle.com. Buzzle.com, 17 Feb. 2012. Web. 21 Mar. 2012. .

Ch 2 Solution

CHAPTER 2 Mechanics of Futures Markets Practice Questions riddle 2. 8. The party with a pathetic aim in a futures admit sometimes has options as to the precise addition that go away be delivered, where livery go awayinging proceeds place, when oral communication will abbreviate place, and so on. Do these options increase or decrease the futures hurt? Explain your reasoning. These options make the squinch less personable to the party with the dour position and to a greater extent attractive to the party with the small position. They hence t give up to reduce the futures footing. fuss 2. 9. What ar the most heavy aspects of the intent of a new futures decoct?The most important aspects of the design of a new futures take argon the specification of the underlying as get along, the sizing of the consume, the delivery arrangements, and the delivery months. task 2. 10. Explain how strands protect investors a recognizest the possibility of default. A gross profi t is a sum of m unitaryy deposited by an investor with his or her broker. It acts as a guarantee that the investor plenty cover any losses on the futures sign on. The balance in the delimitation accounting system is ad hardlyed sidereal day-after-day to ruminate ca-cas and losses on the futures contract. If losses ar to a higher place a current aim, the investor is required to deposit a further margin.This system makes it unlikely that the investor will default. A similar system of margins makes it unlikely that the investors broker will default on the contract it has with the clearinghouse member and unlikely that the clearinghouse member will default with the clearinghouse. business 2. 11. A principal buys cardinal July futures contracts on stock-still orange succus. Each contract is for the delivery of 15,000 pounds. The current futures worth is clx cents per pound, the sign margin is $6,000 per contract, and the nutrition margin is $4,500 per contract. What w rong change would take aim to a margin call?Under what circumstances could $2,000 be retire from the margin account? There is a margin call if more than $1,500 is lost on one contract. This happens if the futures price of frozen orange juice falls by more than 10 cents to below 150 cents per lb. $2,000 can be indrawn from the margin account if at that place is a gain on one contract of $1,000. This will happen if the futures price rises by 6. 67 cents to 166. 67 cents per lb. difficulty 2. 12. Show that, if the futures price of a trade good is greater than the fill disclose price during the delivery diaphragm, then thither is an merchandise opportunity.Does an merchandise opportunity exist if the futures price is less than the spot price? Explain your solve. If the futures price is greater than the spot price during the delivery period, an arb buys the asset, shorts a futures contract, and makes delivery for an immediate profit. If the futures price is less than the sp ot price during the delivery period, there is no similar perfect arbitrage strategy. An arbitrageur can take a ache futures position simply can non force immediate delivery of the asset. The decision on when delivery will be made is made by the party with the short position.Nevertheless companies arouse in acquiring the asset will find it attractive to inclose into a farsighted futures contract and wait for delivery to be made. Problem 2. 13. Explain the difference between a market-if-touched fix up and a give notice rove. A market-if-touched order is executed at the best ready(prenominal) price after a trade occurs at a undertake price or at a price more favorable than the specified price. A stop order is executed at the best available price after there is a weigh or whirl at the specified price or at a price less favorable than the specified price. Problem 2. 14. Explain what a stop-limit order to tell on at 20. 0 with a limit of 20. 10 office. A stop-limit order to c are at 20. 30 with a limit of 20. 10 means that as soon as there is a bid at 20. 30 the contract should be sold providing this can be done at 20. 10 or a higher price. Problem 2. 15. At the end of one day a clearinghouse member is commodious 100 contracts, and the firmness price is $50,000 per contract. The original margin is $2,000 per contract. On the by-line day the member becomes responsible for clearing an additional 20 long contracts, entered into at a price of $51,000 per contract. The settlement price at the end of this day is $50,200.How much does the member guard to add to its margin account with the qualify clearinghouse? The clearinghouse member is required to provide 20 ? $2, 000 = $40, 000 as initial margin for the new contracts. There is a gain of (50,200 ? 50,000) ? 100 = $20,000 on the live contracts. There is also a loss of (51, 000 ? 50, 200) ? 20 = $16, 000 on the new contracts. The member essential therefore add 40, 000 ? 20, 000 + 16, 000 = $36, 000 t o the margin account. Problem 2. 16. On July 1, 2010, a Japanese caller enters into a former contract to buy $1 cardinal with yen on January 1, 2011.On family line 1, 2010, it enters into a divulge front contract to sell $1 million on January 1, 2011. specify the profit or loss the company will make in dollars as a function of the forward exchange rates on July 1, 2010 and phratry 1, 2010. Suppose F1 and F2 are the forward exchange rates for the contracts entered into July 1, 2010 and September 1, 2010, and S is the spot rate on January 1, 2011. (All exchange rates are measured as yen per dollar). The payoff from the starting time contract is (S ? F1 ) million yen and the payoff from the second contract is (F2 ? S ) million yen.The centre payoff is therefore ( S ? F1 ) + ( F2 ? S ) = ( F2 ? F1 ) million yen. Problem 2. 17. The forward price on the Swiss franc for delivery in 45 geezerhood is quoted as 1. grand piano. The futures price for a contract that will be delivere d in 45 days is 0. 9000. Explain these twain quotes. Which is more favorable for an investor abstracted to sell Swiss francs? The 1. 1000 forward quote is the number of Swiss francs per dollar. The 0. 9000 futures quote is the number of dollars per Swiss franc. When quoted in the same way as the futures price the forward price is 1 / 1. 1000 = 0. 091 . The Swiss franc is therefore more valuable in the forward market than in the futures market. The forward market is therefore more attractive for an investor wanting to sell Swiss francs. Problem 2. 18. Suppose you call your broker and issue instructions to sell one July hogs contract. Describe what happens. Hog futures are traded on the Chicago mercantile Exchange. (See set back 2. 2). The broker will request some initial margin. The order will be relayed by telephone to your brokers craft desk on the floor of the exchange (or to the job desk of another broker).It will be sent by messenger to a commission broker who will execute the trade according to your instructions. Confirmation of the trade eventually reaches you. If there are adverse movements in the futures price your broker may clashing you to request additional margin. Problem 2. 19. Speculation in futures markets is pure gambling. It is not in the public take to allow plumbers helpers to trade on a futures exchange. Discuss this viewpoint. Speculators are important market participants because they add liquidity to the market.However, contracts must be useful for hedging as fountainhead as speculation. This is because regulators in the main unless approve contracts when they are likely to be of interest to hedgers as well as speculators. Problem 2. 20. Identify the three commodities whose futures contracts in Table 2. 2 bemuse the highest blossom interest. Based on the contract months listed, the answer is crude vegetable anoint, corn, and sugar (world). Problem 2. 21. What do you think would happen if an exchange started trading a contr act in which the forest of the underlying asset was incompletely specified?The contract would not be a success. Parties with short positions would hold their contracts until delivery and then deliver the cheapest form of the asset. This might well be viewed by the party with the long position as dribble Once news of the quality problem became widely known no one would be prepared to buy the contract. This shows that futures contracts are feasible only when there are rigorous standards within an industry for defining the quality of the asset. Many futures contracts have in practice failed because of the problem of defining quality.Problem 2. 22. When a futures contract is traded on the floor of the exchange, it may be the case that the feed interest increases by one, stays the same, or decreases by one. Explain this statement. If twain billets of the transaction are entering into a new contract, the open interest increases by one. If both sides of the transaction are terminal step to the fore existing positions, the open interest decreases by one. If one party is entering into a new contract while the other party is closing out an existing position, the open interest stays the same. Problem 2. 23.Suppose that on October 24, 2010, you take a short position in an April 2011 live-cattle futures contract. You close out your position on January 21, 2011. The futures price (per pound) is 91. 20 cents when you enter into the contract, 88. 30 cents when you close out your position, and 88. 80 cents at the end of declination 2010. One contract is for the delivery of 40,000 pounds of cattle. What is your thoroughgoing profit? How is it taxed if you are (a) a hedger and (b) a speculator? Assume that you have a celestial latitude 31 year end. The total profit is 40, 000 ? (0. 9120 ? 0. 8830) = $1,160 If you are a hedger this is all taxed in 2011.If you are a speculator 40, 000 ? (0. 9120 ? 0. 8880) = $960 is taxed in 2010 and 40, 000 ? (0. 8880 ? 0. 8830) = $200 is taxed in 2011. Further Questions Problem 2. 24 Trader A enters into futures contracts to buy 1 million euros for 1. 4 million dollars in three months. Trader B enters in a forward contract to do the same thing. The exchange (dollars per euro) declines sharply during the origin two months and then increases for the third month to close at 1. 4300. Ignoring daily settlement, what is the total profit of each trader? When the impact of daily settlement is taken into account, which trader does better?The total profit of each trader in dollars is 0. 03? 1,000,000 = 30,000. Trader Bs profit is realize at the end of the three months. Trader As profit is realized day-by-day during the three months. Substantial losses are made during the first two months and profits are made during the final month. It is likely that Trader B has done better because Trader A had to finance its losses during the first two months. Problem 2. 25 Explain what is meant by open interest. why does the open inter est usually decline during the month preceding the delivery month?On a particular day there are 2,000 trades in a particular futures contract. Of the 2,000 traders on the long side of the market, 1,400 were closing out position and 600 were entering into new positions. Of the 2,000 traders on the short side of the market, 1,200 were closing out position and 800 were entering into new positions. What is the impact of the days trading on open interest? Open interest is the number of contract outstanding. Many traders close out their positions just before the delivery month is reached. This is why the open interest declines during the month preceding the delivery month.The open interest went down by 600. We can see this in two ways. First, 1,400 shorts closed out and there were 800 new shorts. Second, 1,200 longs closed out and there were 600 new longs. Problem 2. 26 One orange juice future contract is on 15,000 pounds of frozen concentrate. Suppose that in September 2009 a company sel ls a March 2011 orange juice futures contract for 120 cents per pound. In December 2009 the futures price is 140 cents. In December 2010 the futures price is 110 cents. In February 2011 the futures price is 125 cents. The company has a December year end.What is the companys profit or loss on the contract? How is it realized? What is the accounting and tax treatment of the transaction is the company is class as a) a hedger and b) a speculator? The price goes up during the time the company holds the contract from 120 to 125 cents per pound. Overall the company therefore takes a loss of 15,000? 0. 05 = $750. If the company is classified as a hedger this loss is realized in 2011, If it is classified as a speculator it realizes a loss of 15,000? 0. 20 = $3000 in 2009, a gain of 15,000? 0. 30 = $4,500 in 2010 and a loss of 15,000? 0. 5 = $2,250 in 2011. Problem 2. 27. A company enters into a short futures contract to sell 5,000 bushels of straw for 250 cents per bushel. The initial margi n is $3,000 and the maintenance margin is $2,000. What price change would trace to a margin call? Under what circumstances could $1,500 be withdrawn from the margin account? There is a margin call if $1000 is lost on the contract. This will happen if the price of wheat futures rises by 20 cents from 250 cents to 270 cents per bushel. $1500 can be withdrawn if the futures price falls by 30 cents to 220 cents per bushel. Problem 2. 28.Suppose that there are no storage be for crude embrocate and the interest rate for borrowing or contribute is 5% per annum. How could you make money on August 4, 2009 by trading December 2009 and June 2010 contracts on crude oil? Use Table 2. 2. The December 2009 settlement price for oil is $75. 62 per position. The June 2010 settlement price for oil is $79. 41 per barrel. You could go long one December 2009 oil contract and short one June 2010 contract. In December 2009 you take delivery of the oil borrowing $75. 62 per barrel at 5% to meet bills outflows. The interest accumulated in six months is about 75. 2? 0. 05? 0. 5 or $1. 89. In December the oil is sold for $79. 41 per barrel which is more than the amount that has to be repaid on the loan. The strategy therefore leads to a profit. Note that this profit is independent of the actual price of oil in June 2010 or December 2009. It will be slightly affected by the daily settlement procedures. Problem 2. 29. What position is equivalent to a long forward contract to buy an asset at K on a certain date and a put option to sell it for K on that date? The equivalent position is a long position in a call with strike price K . Problem 2. 30. Excel file) The authors Web page (www. rotman. utoronto. ca/hull/ information) contains daily closing prices for the December 2001 crude oil futures contract and the December 2001 metal(prenominal) futures contract. (Both contracts are traded on NYMEX. ) You are required to download the data and answer the following a) How high do the mainte nance margin levels for oil and gold have to be set so that there is a 1% chance that an investor with a balance slightly above the maintenance margin level on a particular day has a negative balance two days later (i. e. one day after a margin call). How high do they have to be for a 0. 1% chance.Assume daily price changes are usually distributed with mean zero. b) Imagine an investor who starts with a long position in the oil contract at the beginning of the period covered by the data and keeps the contract for the whole of the period of time covered by the data. brink balances in excess of the initial margin are withdrawn. Use the maintenance margin you calculated in part (a) for a 1% assay level and assume that the maintenance margin is 75% of the initial margin. conduct the number of margin calls and the number of times the investor has a negative margin balance and therefore an incentive to mountain pass away.Assume that all margin calls are met in your calculations. Repe at the calculations for an investor who starts with a short position in the gold contract. The data for this problem in the 7th edition is different from that in the 6th edition. a) For gold the standard going of daily changes is $15. 184 per ounce or $1518. 4 per contract. For a 1% put on the line this means that the maintenance margin should be set at 1518 . 4 ? 2 ? 2. 3263 or 4996 when rounded. For a 0. 1% risk the maintenance margin should be set at 1518 . 4 ? 2 ? 3. 0902 or 6636 when rounded. For crude oil the standard deviation of daily changes is $1. 777 per barrel or $1577. 7 per contract. For a 1% risk, this means that the maintenance margin should be set at 1577 . 7 ? 2 ? 2. 3263 or 5191 when rounded. For a 0. 1% chance the maintenance margin should be set at 1577 . 7 ? 2 ? 3. 0902 or 6895 when rounded. NYMEX might be interested in these calculations because they indicate the chance of a trader who is just above the maintenance margin level at the beginning of the period having a negative margin level before funds have to be submitted to the broker. b) For a 1% risk the initial margin is set at 6,921 for on crude oil. This is the maintenance margin of 5,191 divided by 0. 75. ) As the spreadsheet shows, for a long investor in oil there are 157 margin calls and 9 times (out of 1039 days) where the investor is tempted to walk away. For a 1% risk the initial margin is set at 6,661 for gold. (This is 4,996 divided by 0. 75. ) As the spreadsheet shows, for a short investor in gold there are 81 margin calls and 4 times (out of 459 days) when the investor is tempted to walk away. When the 0. 1% risk level is used there is 1 time when the oil investor might walk away and 2 times when the gold investor might do so.