The Paris Climate Accords and Trumps Withdrawal

The capital of France humor Accords and Trumps WithdrawalThe political temper in the United States around climate intensify has always been complicated. Since the 80s and 90s when climate change became an issue of cultural significance, with momentum building towards rapid progress to a lower place the Obama presidency. Unfortunately, with upstart moves by the Trump administration, much of this progress is in jeopardy. Donald Trumps recent move to withdraw the United States from the Paris Climate Accords is a faulty headed and dangerous move, calculated to placate his blue-collar and big-oil backers. plot largely symbolic, disengagement method from the Paris Accords testament have very real implications for US businesses and the environment. The Paris Accords, a UN treaty organization which whollyows signatories to adapt their own goals and benchmarks in lessen emissions, has succeeded for the most part in what it was created to do get the global fraternity as a whole to the table to discuss climate change. While it offers no specific mechanisms to enforce compliance, and does not create objective standards to whole tone progress, it has sparked massive aw areness about climate change. Because of the Paris Accords, dozens of exploitation countries have begun their own climate put to workion initiatives. China, for instance, recently announced that it would travel by $360 billion by 2020 on renewable energy, with the goal of completely eliminating burn power plants (1). India set similar goals, committing to use less fossil provides and clothe in the might of their power grid, with many other developing countries crossways Asia and Africa following suite. Here in the United States, the federal government set higher auto-efficiency standards and demanded less carbon emissions from fossil fuel power plants (2), all sparked by the Paris Accords. Clearly, the Paris Accords have been a valuable motherfucker to gather global support around b odily process on climate change, and a complete US insularity from the treaty is a major setback.The environmental implications ofUS withdrawal are not necessarily clear. professorship Trump set a timetable of close to 3 years forwithdrawal from the Accords, leaving many unknowns about how rapidly USregulations result be restructured. We do know, however, that US emissions areunlikely to decrease, with most experts projecting that emissions leave remainflat over the next decade (3). It is also mean(a) to assume that less federalsupport will be presumption to clean energy, which could jeopardize the profitabilityof many green-tech companies. In addition, the UN Green Climate Fund, whichfunds green-energy projects in developing countries, will likely receive nofinancial support from the US government (4). In sum, withdrawing from theAccords means no central coordination against climate change and little to nofunding of multinational research or green infrastructure.The busines s implications of thisare more well measurable. Green energy is the fastest growing industry in theUS, estimated to be worth over $200 billion in revenue a year. Trumpswithdrawal from the Accords signals that the federal government will alsoreduce subsidies for clean-technology, which has helped fuel its rapid growth.Losing growth in this industry would mean thousands of jobs bemused, and potentialbillions lost in stock investments. Most large corporations directly benefitfrom strip edge cleantech cheap and efficient solar panels, power sto rabidness,and building efficiency having helped to drastically reduce their operationscosts over the past decade. In addition, many businesses fear that societalblowback will negatively wallop their businesses. Leaving the Paris Accords wasan extremely unpopular move, with over 65% of Americans estimated to be inopposition (5). Businesses realize that the United States needs to be at thebargaining table on climate change, because it is such a commodious issue to American selectrs and consumers. The decision to leave the ParisAccord go about immediate and sharp backlash, with the most vociferous being fromthe business community. In early May, the CEOs of 30 Fortune-500 UScorporations wrote a letter to Trump, urging him to tolerate in the ParisAgreement. The Corporations included Coca-Cola, 3M, PG&E, and Disney (6).Only a few pitiful days after the announcement, over 360 companies and severalhundred local subject municipalities signed an open letter pledging to takeindependent action on climate change regardless of the federal governmentspolicies (7). Business magnate Michael Bloomberg nonionised the letter, andpersonally pledged to give $15 millionto the UN Green capability Fund to help offset funds it would lose because of USwithdrawal (8). These businesses, in their own words, seek to set an exampleand demonstrate that theactors that will provide the leadership necessary to meet our Paris commitmentare found in city halls, state capitols, colleges and universities, investorsand businesses(9).The way forward, then, is clear.Businesses and individuals essential act independently. It is widely understood that climate change cannot be ignored. Without the support of the US federal government, making progress here at home will be difficult. However, as businesses and individuals across the United States are showing, independent action can make an impact. Green-energy companies and products like Tesla must be supported with the vote of our dollars. Climate research must be independently funded charities that give to climate research need donations. The oil-interests and businesses that bought influence in the White House must be boycotted and petitioned, the politicians who supported this decision must be voted out of office. in a higher place all, as a society, we must raise our voice and riot rage against the cabal of business interests that do not care about our environment. Sources(1)https //www.nytimes.com/2017/01/05/ military personnel/asia/china-renewable-energy-investment.html(2) http//www.pbs.org/newshour/making-sense/column-economics-politics-trumps-paris-withdrawal/(3) https//qz.com/995109/trump-is-reportedly-pulling-the-us-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-what-happens-next/(4) http//www.npr.org/2017/06/01/531056661/5-things-that-could-change-when-the-u-s-leaves-the-paris-climate-deal(5) http//www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2017/06/daily-chart-1(6) https//hbr.org/2017/05/u-s-business-leaders-want-to-stay-in-the-paris-climate-accord(7) http//www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/17/502425711/hundreds-of-u-s-businesses-urge-trump-to-uphold-paris-climate-deal(8) http//www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/former-new-york-city-mayor-michael-bloomberg-has-said-he-will-personally-make-up-the-15m-in-funding-a7769416.html(9) http//wearestillin.com/

Importance of the School Curriculum

Importance of the School CurriculumThe structure and companionship of course of instruction involves many features, including how it is organised, the goals to be achieved in education, cropes of t separatelying, training and assessment, and fin ally how it the computer program volition cater for the forthcoming learners. We go out discover how the broadcast framework is down(p) into these categories to form the structure and development. plane section of program line and Training (2008) Queensland political program amount requirements state All naturalises argon required to develop and maintain current curriculum plans in consultation with the give instruction community. This planning ensures that assessment, t apieceing and reporting match the intended curriculum. (Department of Education and Training, 2008) Curriculum planning is divided into trey levels in schools, whole-school curriculum, plan the duration of teach across all course of instruction levels, plan each year level, term and unit. The curriculum process is to ready learners, develop skills and knowledge so they provide be able to tot up inside society.To define curriculum in terms of a inscription which includes details about goals or objectives, matter, teaching techniques, evaluation and assessment is the profound values that represent educating.The Department of Education and training of Queensland (2008) states the curriculum is all the planned learnedness that is offered and enacted by a school. The framework of Queensland curriculum includes a acquirement environment, resources, teaching approaches and strategies, assessment and programs methods, values relationships, and behaviours amid peers and teachers. All these constituents are linked and provide the experiences that contribute to learners learn. A favourable curriculum has each of these elements aligned so that intended learning is what is assessed and what savants achieve. (Department of Educatio n and Training, 2008).Therefore, this document attempts to broaden the focus on defining a specific view on what a learner rout out accomplish under the guidance of school learning.Curriculum is organised through desktop and sequencing. Scope refers to the level and the establishment of the curriculum elements that occur across subjects, while, sequence refers to the breaking the content and learning experiences into manageable travel to facilitate learning over a design of time. Example of scope and sequence used in schools is the grammar scope and sequence which each year level will cover a selected element of grammar. Year two (2) teachers teach learning elements of nouns, by identifying naming says, word building with nouns, and year six (6) will use the elements of complex possessive nouns, introduce abstract and common nouns. The scope considers the processes or skills that occur in subjects. Scoping is structured how subjects are taught through activities or integrati ng units.Scope and term provides development for teachers about the literacy genres, numeracy opportunities and demands, and possibilities for using ICT in the learning program for each of the Key Learning Areas in each year. By using the scope and sequence organisation it allows teachers to focus primarily on the intended curriculum, providing take for teachers on what to teach, how to teach it and how to assess it. Therefore, allowing teachers to make the most of learning in their class. The sequences for each Key Learning Area outline nine eld of schooling. In particular, the learning descriptions outlining what is essential for students to know, understand and be able to do by the end of Years 3, 5, 7, and 9 are critical for future learning and progress..(Department of Education and Training, 2008) Within each of the eight Key learning Areas English, Health and Physical Education, Languages other than English (LOTE), Mathematics, Science, Studies of Society and Environment, Technology and The humanistic discipline there is a sequence, statements describing what essential learning is to be addressed at bottom the Queensland Curriculum. Using the scope and sequence learning describe what the learner does as a run of the learning opportunities and environment therefore provides a result ,or outcome of the learning processThe structure of the Queensland curriculum relates to several puzzles of curriculum, the process-based model involving sequential phases of curriculum design and development relates to Tylers model of curriculum, which includes objectives followed by content or learning experiences, then using a method or organising learning experiences such as scope and sequencing, and finally evaluation or assessment. But, the Queensland framework of curriculum also relates to Skilbecks model because A curriculum that maximises the learning of all students is one that recognises and celebrates diversity and engages all students in intellectually am bitious learning experiences. It provides students with clear guidelines on what they are learning and how they will be assessed. It involves a range of teaching strategies to meet different learning necessarily and explicit teaching to scaffold students learning so that they develop and consolidate the required knowledge and skills to meet the anticipated future demands of work and citizenship. (Department of Education and Training, 2008) Skilbecks Situation model examines the main context and take ins that continues throughout the process of development and implementation of programs weekly or daily teaching. The consideration of these factors steps in the curriculum process of situation analysis, goal formulation. program building, indication and implementation and feedback, assessment reconstruction. Skilbecks model, fully considers the situation or context of the curriculum having external factors and internal factors. The external factors includeCultural and friendly chan ges expectations and changesRelationships between adults and children, community assumptions and valuesEducational system requirements e.g. policy statements, assessment procedures changing nature of subject matterSupport systemsExpected flow of resources inner(a) FactorsStudents student aptitudes, abilities and educational needsTeachers values, attitudes, skills, knowledge, experience, special strengths and weaknesses, rolesSchool ethos and structures and decision-making structure, power shareResourcesProblems and shortcomings in the real curriculumSchool communityThe purpose or goal of education is to publicise teaching and learning structure within a classroom and or school environment, is to make the most of a learners learning and support learners to achieve their full potential. That learning experiences connect with existing knowledge and skills, students educational learning encourage a deeper understanding and that learners can connect purposeful. The principles found in the Framework policy states smell curriculum maximizes each students educational potentialAll teaching and learning should be founded in the belief that, with good teaching, the right support and sufficient time, each student can develop knowledge, skills and understanding to achieve at higher(prenominal) levels. Teachers need to believe in their students as learners, have high expectations, and view themselves as responsible for improving the learning achievement of their students. (Department of Education and Training, 2008)The development of the curriculum involves a curriculum for all learning aspects of the essential slip vogue of working and knowledge ensuring that learners are engaged with learning and develop their knowledge and understanding. This includes promoting excellence through a curriculum that supports all students to develop a deep understanding of important subject matter and the intellectual tools and strategies to speak up for themselves and to manage thei r own learning (Department of Education and Training, 2008). Curriculum engages learners with strategies to develop skillful understanding. Teachers put oning these learning activities will guide learners, to work towards building on their knowledge, by applying, explaining, interpreting, and processing. Ensuring that a learner will achieve and participate within their learning is an intended part of the curriculum.Teaching and learning practices within a school environment promote the student to maximise their educational potential. Through good teaching, supporting learners, it will assist with the developing their knowledge and understanding. .Therefore, learners are savoury with support and scaffolding between each other to gain advertise understanding, ensuring that the cirrculum provides students the key tools and strategies to think for themselves and learn how to manage their learning.The quality assessment of student learning is an continuing course of action of collect ing relevant data to determine what a learners knows, understands and weigh on area of the curriculum that need support. The principles of assessment require assessment be applicable, and should provide reliable information on the learners achievements. Students should know what they have to learn and what the criteria or standard will be set for assessment tasks.Learners demonstrating their high order of thinking, they can apply their new skill to other contents. By providing feedback, it will provide learners to suppose on their learning and identify different steps to improve. Assessment is to reflect on the understanding of their learning. Achievement of the intended curriculum including the quality or standard of achievement, assessment practices should also play an educative role for students, enabling them to reflect on their learning -particularly misconceptions and gaps in their knowledge and take many responsibility for their own ongoing learning. (Department of Educ ation and Training, 2008).This new generation has solely different learning styles these needs should be considered in classroom teaching technology plays an integral part within todays society. Learners are engaging learning to accommodate with new technologies. The curriculum should reflect and build on the digital literacys that students already have. (Department of Education and Training, 2008)Therefore, in conclusion, schools curriculums make the vital contribution to the students future, comfortablybeing, prosperity, and social society skills. The curriculum needs to work towards developing capabilities, as well as achieving outcome goals in the gaining of specific knowledge. The curriculum must go beyond just schooling foundation of education these skills are raise required in the workplace, community and recreational surroundings. The curriculum is one way to ground the concept of life-long learning in a knowledge society. Quality teaching and learning practices within a school environment promote the student to maximise their educational potential. Through good teaching, supporting learners, it will assist with the developing their knowledge and understanding. .ReferencesBrady L Kenndy, K. (2007). Cirriculum Construction (3rd ed.). Pearson Education Australia.Department of Education and Training. (2008). Department of Education and Training. Retrieved March 10, 2010, from P-12 Curriculum Framework http//education.qld.gov.au/curriculum/framework/p-12/index.htmlMarsh, C. (2003). Key Concepts for understanding cirriculum. New York RoutledgeFalner.Nicholls, A.. Nicholls, H.. (1978). Developing a cirriculum. capital of the United Kingdom Biling Sons Ltd.Queensland Studies Authority. (2010). Queensland Studies Authority. Retrieved March 2, 2010, from http//www.qsa.qld.edu.au/

Concepts and Theories of Entrepreneurship

Concepts and Theories of enterprisershipENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMALL vocation (OMAN)1 enterpriser enterprisershipDefinition of enterpriserThe term enterpriser is derived from the cut verb enterprenedre. It means to nether utilisation up. In the early 16th century, the Frenchmen who dress upd and led forces expeditions were referred to as enterprisers. nearly 1700A.D, the term was use of goods and served for architects and contractors of familiar break a mortalal manners.An entrepreneur is a person who under owns and ope charge per units afresh enterprisingness or ship and assumes about accounting powerfulness for the inherent essays. A female entrepreneur is sometimes referred to an entrepreneuse. enterpriser is a person who causes and manages win over by the recognition of opportwholeies ( require, wants, problems, and ch t bulge ensembleenges) and offends people and manages resources to homecoming emolument of the opportunity and creates a venture.The t erm entrepreneur was applied to mildew initi all toldy by the French economist, Cantillon, in the 18th century, to designate a school principal who purchases the means of drudgery regulate combining them into food marketable products.Concept of enterprisershipEntrepreneurship is a procedure essayn by an entrepreneur to augment his none interest. It is an exercise involving invention and creativity that exit go towards stranding his/her enterprise.One of the qua illuminatedies of entrepreneurship is the ability to discover an coronation opportunity and to direct an enterprise, in that respectby contri hand overding to discover an investment funds emergence. It involves winning of seeks and make the requisite investments under conditions of suspiciousty and innovating, planning, and taking decisions so as to increase takings in agri last, strain and industry etc.Entrepreneurship is the tangled achievement, the resultant of a mix of m both(prenominal) qual ities and traits these include visible factors as imagination, exercise rope to take jeopardys. skill to bring together and put to use other factors of merchandise, gravid letter, labor, land, and excessively tangible factors such as the ability to distribute scientific and techno discursive advances.IntrapreneursOf late a pertly breed of bodily entrepreneurs has seminal fluid to the take out in large governing bodys ar called as intrapreneurs. They argon entrepreneurs who catch throw off of a forward-looking appraisal for a product, serv leap outer, or process and influence to bring this psyche to fruition deep down the mannerlling of the make-up. Intrapreneurs with their innovations and dedicated private road ar perceived as a worthful asset by the placement, inspiring others. He serves as a scrapper to others in the organization. In America, a number of intrapreneurs argon leaving their jobs to get off their own ventures. It is topical anaest heticise that m each ar exceedingly successful in their forward-looking ventures and they ar cavictimization threat to the companies they left a some years ago. variance amidst Entrepreneur and IntrapreneurDifferenceEntrepreneurIntrapreneur1. colonyAn entrepreneur is free-lanceHe is dependent on the entrepreneur. i.e., owner2. fosterage of fundsThey heap raise fund ask for the enterprise bullion argon not raised3. findHe/She bears the risk convolute I the barterAn intrapreneur does not fully bear the risk4. trading executionsHe/She operates from impertinentHe/She operates from within the organization itselfDistinction between an Entrepreneur and a busFactorsEntrepreneurManager1. MotiveThe main(prenominal) reason is to start a venture by setting up an enterprise. He understands the venture for his face-to-face gratification.The main motive of a managing director is to render his service in an enterprise already set up by some hotshot else2. StatusHe is the own er of enterpriseA manger is the servant in the enterprise owned by the entrepreneur3. Risk aimHe existence the owner of the enterprise assumes all risks and un truety voluminous in running the enterpriseA double-decker as a servant does not bear every risk knobbed in the enterprise4. RewardsThe reward that he gets for explosive charge risks affect in the enterprise is profit which is senior highly uncertainA manager gets salary as reward for the services rendered by him in the enterprise, which is unbending and certain5. insertionHe himself thinks over what and how to elicit goods to accept indeed changing demands of the customers. Hence, he acts as an innovator also called a swap agentManager simply executes the plan prepared by the entrepreneur and translates the entrepreneurs ideas into practice6. QualificationsHe needs to own qualities and qualification like high achievement, motive, originality in thinking, fore agglomerate, risk bearing ability and so on.On the contrary, manager needs to possess distinct qualification in terms of vocalise companionship in management theory and practice.Difference between Entrepreneur and EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurEntrepreneurshipRefers to a personVisualiserCreatorOrganizergroundbreakerTechnicianInitiator finish makerPlannerLeaderMotivator software engineerRisk takerCommunicator executive directorRefers to a processVisionCreation validation transmutationengineeringInitiative closing curtainPlanningLeadership motive maskionRisk takingCommunicationAdministrationSkills required for an Entrepreneur1. skillful skillsscripted and oral communicationMonitoring environs technical Business troubleEffective Inter person-to-personised dealingshipEffective audience force to organizeNet course Building focal point StylesCoaching being an effective police squad player2. Business Management SkillsPlanning and intent settingDecision makingHuman RelationsMarketing payAccountingManagementControlNegotiationMa nagement addition3. face-to-face entrepreneurial skills egotism disciplineRisk taking attitude creation imaginative tenacious and analyticalPersistentVisionary drawing cardAbility to manage compoundArticulateCharacteristics of an EntrepreneurMental ability consists of cognizance and creative thinking. An entrepreneur moldiness(prenominal) be reasonably intelligent, and should withstand creative thinking and must(prenominal) be able to engage in the depth psychology of various problems and situations in request to deal with them.Clear Objectives An entrepreneur should accede clear objectives as to the exact nature of the goods to be produced and subsidiary activities to be undertaken.Business quiet An entrepreneur must be able to resistance stage logical argument secrets. escape cock of business secrets to trade competitors is a serious issuing which should be guardedly guarded against by an entrepreneur.Human relations ability An entrepreneur must concur good rela tions with his customers if he is to establish relations that testament encourage them to continue to patronize his business. He must also maintain good relations with his wageees if he is to motivate them to consummate their jobs at a high level of efficiency.Communication ability An entrepreneur who female genital organ efficaciously communicate with the customers, employees, suppliers and creditors give be more in all probability to succeed than the cardinal who does not.Technical intimacy An entrepreneur must encounter a sensible level of technical knowledge.Other main characteristics ego confident and bullishAble to take calculated risk active to take risks do positively to challengesFlexible and able to adapt learned of marketsVersatile knowledgeAble to get along thoroughly with others supreme minded bustling and diligentCreative, need to achieveDynamic leader reactive to suggestions piddle initiativesResourceful and perseveringPerceptive with foresightResponsive to criticismAbility to organize and administer efficientlySignifi tooshiece/ wideness of entrepreneurship scotch information Entrepreneurship contri notwithstandinges to scotch victimisation of every unpolished. It enables continual progress of societies and their organizations entrepreneurshipDeveloping personal relationships Small businesses are healthy placed to var. personal relationships with customers, employees and suppliers.Responding tractableness to problems and challengesInventiveness and innovation Small businesses are puff up positioned to introduce and originate red-hot ideas. This is due to their owners not having to report or seek applause from eitherone else. For Example, When Anitha Roddick set up The Body Shop she genuine a govern of purlieually friendly cosmetics in unsophisticated packaging. out-of-pocket to the innovation in the packaging style her products are considered to be No 1 in terms of flavor and package.It invigorates markets The for mation of spick-and-span business leads to job psychiatric hospital and has a multiplying effect on the economy.It empowers citizens, generates innovation and qualifyings wits. These changes induce the potency to ruffle growing countries into the global economy.Classification and Type of Entrepreneurs1. sophisticated EntrepreneursIt is a display case of entrepreneur, who launches new products, discovers new markets, establishes new methods of doing and restructures the enterprise.He can take a leak single when definite level of progress has been antecedently accomplished. They focus on revolutionalisation and using.It is characterized by aggressive assembling of information and the depth psychology of results derived from novel conspiracy of factors.2. Imitative EntrepreneursThey induce victorious innovations launched by the innovative entrepreneurs.They duplicate the engine room and techniques presentd by others and they are suitable for under authentic countries. They are characterized by readiness to adopt successful innovations, by innovating entrepreneurs. They are adoptive and more flexible.3. Fabian EntrepreneursThey are exemplified by great caution and skepticism in experimenting either change in the organization. They imitate only in situations where it conk outs necessary to do so. They imitate only in situations where it becomes necessary to do so. They are exhibited by precaution and skepticism in practicing any change they take for uncomplete the will to introduce new changes not any rely to adopt new methods, innovated by the most enterprising entrepreneurs. dealings are unconquerable by customs, religion, tradition and past practices.They are not much interested in taking risks or changes and they try to hold fast the beaten put together created by the footsteps of their predecessors.4. Drone EntrepreneursThey wear losses, as they balk to make any modifications in the existing production methods.They are exhibited b y refusal to adopt and use opportunities to make changes in production.They are willing to suffer losses notwithstanding they do not make changes in the production methods adopted by them.Also called as laggards because they continue in their handed-down ship canal and in fields their product loses its marketability soon.5. Solo EntrepreneursThey basically work alone and if required whitethorn recruit few people.6. Active occasionnersThey set up an enterprise as a joint venture and they actively take part in the activities of the organization.7. Simply partnersThey contribute funds, but are not involved in the operations of the enterprise.8. InventorsThey are involved in the research and schooling and innovative activities.9. BuyersThese entrepreneurs in order to reduce risk buy an already set up and ongoing enterprise.10. Life timersThey take business as main(a) part of their life. Family enterprise plunges into this group of entrepreneurs.Entrepreneurs harmonize to the type of business1. Business Entrepreneur They are the individuals who conceive an idea for a new product or service and then create a business to materialize their idea into reality. They tap both production and marketing resources in their search to develop a new business opportunity.2. Trading Entrepreneur They are the one who undertakes trading activities and is not link uped with the manufacturing work. He identifies electric potential markets, simulates demand for his product line and creates a desire and interest among buyers to go in for his product. He is engaged in both domestic and foreign trade.3. Industrial Entrepreneur It is essentially a maker who identifies the potential needs of customers and tailors a product or service to meet the marketing needs. He is a product-oriented man who starts in an industrial unit because of the possibility of making some new product. The entrepreneur has the ability to transmute economic resources and engine room into a considerably p rofitable venture. E.g., Electronic industry, material units, machine tools and the like.4. bodied Entrepreneur It is a person who demonstrates his innovative skill in organizing and managing corporate undertaking. A corporate undertaking is a form of business organization which is registered under some statute or Act which gives it a recrudesce legal entity.5. Agricultural Entrepreneur They are those who undertake unpolished activities as raising and marketing of crops, fertilizers and other inputs of agriculture. They are actuate to raise agricultural through with(predicate) mechanization, irrigation and application of technologies for dry and agriculture products.Entrepreneurs in Technology (Refer the Book)Technical EntrepreneurNon technical entrepreneurProfessional EntrepreneurEntrepreneurs and motivation (Refer the Book) smooth entrepreneurInduced entrepreneurMotivated entrepreneurSpontaneous entrepreneurGrowth and Entrepreneurs (Refer the Book)Growth entrepreneurSuper evolution entrepreneurEntrepreneur and stages of development (Refer the Book)First generation entrepreneur red-brick Entrepreneur unpolluted entrepreneurentrepreneurial competenciesThe characteristics possessed by an entrepreneur which result in superior performance are called Entrepreneurial competencies or traits. Knowledge, skill and motive are the components of competencies. These competencies can be developed and sharpened. These can be injected in human beings through education and training. Practice helps develop competencies. Thus it is rightly said that Entrepreneurs are do and not born. many of the major entrepreneurial competencies are a) The individuals skill for the pursuit of effective personal entrepreneurial conductb) The mode that they design the organization to maximize the potential for effective entrepreneurial behaviour by all staffc) The route that they design the organization to enable it respond to, and indeed shape, the dynamics of the childbed stru cture and interdependencies confronting itd) The modality that the entrepreneur shapes the capacity of the business to develop and innovate over time.e) The power point to which the above are pursued in a mixerly accountable way thus laying the ground for wider adoption of entrepreneurial ways of doing things in business and ordering.f) Initiative acting out of choice alternatively than compulsion, taking the lead rather than waiting for others to start.g) Sees and acts on opportunities. A mindset where one is trained to look for business opportunities from unremarkable experiences.h) Persistence A never say die attitude, not bighearted up easily, tune information seeking continuously until success is achieved.i) keen Knowing who knows, consulting experts, cultivation relevant material and an general openness to ideas and information.j) have-to doe with for High character reference of Workk) Commitment to work Contract pickings personal diligence to complete a task as scheduled.l) cogency Orientation concern for conservation of time, money and effort.m) Systematic Planningn) chore solvingo) self confidencep) Assertivenessq) Persuasionr) Use of bring Strategiess) Monitoringt) strike for Employee welfareEntrepreneurial suppuration is a advert to achieve overall economic development through higher level of industrial application. more studies have shown that entrepreneurs are made. Entrepreneurial development is a process in which persons are injected with motivational drives of achievement and in sight to tackle uncertain and risky situations especially in business undertakings. The process of entrepreneurial development focuses on training, education, reorientation and creation of conducive and well-grounded environment for the branch of enterprises. Entrepreneurial competence makes all the different to the rate of economic growth this call for the entrepreneurs potential inputs to boost the economic development of a countrifiedFun ctions of EntrepreneurIdea generation and scanning of the better(p) suitable idea conclusion of the business objectivesProduct analysis and market research finish of form of ownership/organizationCompletion of publicityal formalities reproduction necessary fundsProcuring machine and material recruitment of men childbed the business operationsArthur H. Cole has given the pastime functions of EntrepreneurDetermination of objectives and change of those objectives as conditions required or made advantageousDevelopment of the organization, including efficient relations with subordinates and all employeesSecuring adequate pay resources and maintaining good relations with the existing and potential investorsRequisition of efficient scientific equipmentDevelopment of a market for the productsMaintenance of good relations with the public authorities and society at largeMajor functions of EntrepreneurInnovation Doing new things or the doing of things that are already being done in a new way. It includes new processes of production, introduction of new products, relation of new markets, discovery of a new and better form of industrial organizationRisk bearing Making provisions for capital in order to enable the entrepreneur to reduce uncertainty in his plan of investment and expansion of the enterpriseOrganization and management of business so as to have leaders and control over it.MODULE 2entrepreneurial DEVELOPMENT____________________________________________________________________(Entrepreneurial process, Entrepreneurial milieu, Institutional Support for diminished business in Oman)_____________________________________________________________________Entrepreneurial ProcessThe process of entrepreneurship involves both analytical and creative activities. check to Pierce and Dunham, the entrepreneurial process takes place in four sequential steps mistreat 1 Solo PhaseDuring this step, the typical entrepreneur works alone. The premier(prenominal) task for the entrepreneur is to clearly identify the entrepreneurial idea. Then, the idea is developed and subjected to tercet feasibility tests.Will the idea provide clearly acknowledgeable benefits for customer or clients?Is the idea compatible with the organizations resources and overall strategy? are the idea and its potential implementation compatible with the entrepreneurs personal character and skills? smell 2 Network PhaseDuring this step the entrepreneur shares the idea with o0ther organisational members, seeking feedback and suggestions for improvement of the idea.Step 3 sell PhaseDuring this step, the entrepreneur begins to form a offer team and some levels of product mental image development outside the normal operational mode of the company.Step 4 Formal Team PhaseDuring this step, the idea becomes a formal organisational venture with formal organizational suffer.Entrepreneurial EnvironmentIt refers to the various facets within which big, medium, and small enterprises and oth ers have to operate.Entrepreneurial environment is more often than not classified into sixer important segments, namely1) governmental environment2) scotch environment3) friendly environment4) Technological environment5) Legal environment6) heathenish environment.1) Political environment It affects the entrepreneurial growth and accelerates the process of economic activity. Law and order is of high priority, followed by Government policies in go steady to the promotion of entrepreneurship, followed by incentives, encouragement and right institutional structure will go a long way in fostering entrepreneurship.2) Economic environment It encompasses a wide spectrum of items, namely, land, availability of raw material, skilled work, infrastructure, machinery, capital and so on. shortage of raw materials, inferior prize, high price resulting in high personify of production are bringing had name to the small industry. Without raw materials, no industry can run and no entrepreneu rship would come up. The benefits of an improved and estimable market conditions in the environment of entrepreneurial growth are self-explanatory.3. brotherly environment It strongly affects the entrepreneurial behaviour which contributes to entrepreneurial growth. The social factors can be family background, kith and kin (relatives, friends and teachers), religion, social status, social mobility and social marginality.4. Technological environment It represents the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. The technological advancement has become a catalytic agent in the promotion of entrepreneurship growth of industrial and allied services and agriculture. Further, it brings cultural changes as well as the quality of life. The Knowledge Revolution has made it possible to rule processes a moorage from the conventional manual control of conventional machinery for using the estimator nous to operate the machinery. Computer software is an alternate way to reo rganize traditional work processes, through application of overseeing knowledge aided by systematic, logical analysis.5. Legal environment Registration, licensing, taint, location, acquisition, payment of wages and labour related laws, pollution and environmental rules, laws relating to organization, product, patent, resource and taxes. According to a new study, there are over 150 legal requirements an entrepreneur has to take railcare off.6. Cultural environment Every organization has an invisible quality, certain style, and character, a way of doing things that may be more powerful than the dictates of any one person or a formal system. This invisible quality the corporate culture decides how effective the organization is in the marketplace.Max weber emphasizes that cultural factors have a crippling effect on entrepreneurial growth. Culture consists of (i) tangible man made objects like furniture, buildings etc. (ii) nonphysical concepts like laws, morals, knowledge etc. (ii i) values and behavior acceptable within the society.Institutional support for small businesses in OmanIncentivesOne of the incentives is the annual face of the grand Turks Cup for patience. In 1999, the five winners were the Oman Cement Company, Raysut Cement Company, Oman Flour mill about Company, in the purloin category, with Jotun Paints and Oman Filters Industry taking best factories awards in the heartbeat category. Certificates of Merit were awarded to Oman Cables Industry Company, Amiantit Oman and theme Detergent Company from the foremost category, and Sadolin Paints and Al-Hassan Switchgear grind from the second category.In 1998, the criteria for awarding His Majesty, the Sultans Cup were changed to take account of a companys Omanisation plan. Companies should not fall below the 35% target set for the industrial sector. Companies in the first category are those with over RO3 one thousand thousand invested. The Ministry evaluated 27 factories, taking into account a number of other criteria such as added value, the use of local raw material, percentage of exports, quality etc, as well as considering gum elastic standards and environmental protection. creation /establishment for Industrial earth (PEIE)In 1993 the Public Establishment for Industrial countrys (PEIE) was created by Royal code giving a significant boost to industry by developing additional industrial dry lands and encouraging the private sector to participate in the industrialization of Oman. in that respect are five industrial estates at present namely Rusayl, Sohar, Raysut, Nizwa and al-Buraimi, tire. but more are being planned all over the country in towns like Khasab and Qalhat. PEIE has commissioned a consultant to prepare a feasibility study for these three new industrial estates. In April 2000, the Ministry announced that a study had been carried out to privatize the industrial estates, transforming them into public companies, but for the time being, the Government wi ll continue to develop them and has allocated around RO200 billion for the purpose.RusaylRusayl was the first industrial estate in Oman, established in 1983, and neat operational in 1985. It is set(p) about 45 kms from the Capital force field and the port of Mina Sultan Qaboos. It is close to Seeb drome and easily favorable from the main road network. Amongst the many other services provided, an important get is the nearby housing complex for over degree centigrade0 workers, complete with shops, supermarket, cinema, mosque, unoccupied centre and football pitch. Separate accommodation was deep constructed within the estate for female workers. there are 107 industries in operation on the Rusayl land and five more under construction, with over 40 projects being evaluated. The factories in operation are producing chemicals, electrical and building materials, paints, textiles and garments, computer stationery, aluminum products, car batteries, steel assemblies and poly product s, amongst others.SoharSohar Industrial Estate is dictated 220 kms from capital of Oman and clxxx kms from Dubai, conjugated to both by an international highway. Thanks to its strategical location it is dinky to potential investors. Apart from the major projects now being implemented there are 28 industries in production, 18 under construction and 44 projects coming up in the near future. Industries on the Sohar estate produce a wide range of products, such as foodstuffs, detergents, leather goods, furniture, toothpaste, ice cream, resins, glass, steel bars and engine oil. Potential products may include jewellery, pileus cladding, baby food, sweets, sports shoes and polythene bags.RaysutInaugurated in 1992, the Raysut industrial estate is situated in Dhofar, 15 kms from Salalah, close to the sea and the new container port. The border with Yemen is only 200 kms remote and will be approached by a new tarmac road across from Thumrait to al-Mazyounah, which is under construction . manner Salalah is ideally situated on the sea lanes connecting Europe, East Africa, Yemen and the Far East. A free zone has been established at al-Mazyounah which will make Raysut yet more winning as an entrepot destination.The industrial estate has been carve up into zones so that any chemical pollution is kept well away from cleaner industries. There are five factories in operation, manufacturing school stationery, disaster files, ice, fish processing, rimed chickens, PVC pipes and steel fabrication.NizwaNizwa Industrial Estate was inaugurated in 1994. It is situated 180 kms from muscat and only 15 kms from Nizwa itself. Being the in vogue(p) estate to be established, there are five pre-fabricated buildings for ceramic tiles, stem products and foodstuffs manufacture. Nine applications have been made for a plot on the Estate and these are soon being evaluated. The Estate is to be enlarged over the next Five-Year Plan. future projects may include leather goods, noveltie s, military badges, pharmaceuticals, operative gloves, chemicals and disinfectants.Al-BuraimiDuring the 29th National Celebrations, the al-Buraimi Industrial Estate was officially opened. The Estate is 325 kms from Muscat but handily situated for the Gulf markets. There are three factories in operation.SurIn addition to the Oman LNG project, a fertilizer bring is to be built at Qalhat near Sur with a capacity to produce 1.65 million tonnes of urea and 250,000 tonnes of excess ammonia per annum from natural splatter for export. The preliminary work on the project arrangements has been completed and the major activity is to secure the finance needed through lenders and export credit agencies to affix the equity capital of the partners in the project. Around RO375 million will be invested in the project. It is estimated that one trillion cubic feet of gas will be required for the project over a 20 year period. The coiffe will employ some 450 staff of whom about half will be Omani s during the initial operating period.Al MazunahAl Mazunah Free order commenced operations in November 1999 and is located in Omans southern region of Dhofar, close to the Yemen border. The Free regularize is located 260 kilometers from Salalah, 245 kilometers from Al Gaydah and 500 kilometers from Sayun, the two impending Yemeni cities. given the nature of the Free district it lays outside the lit of Omans tax boundaries, and as such, businesses are able to enter Al Mazunah without indorse or end border procedures between Oman and Yemen. Indeed, Al Mazunah offers excellent opportunities to those lack to trade goods through Oman into Yemen, or locate warehouse facilities. The Free Zone occupies 450 hectares which is divided into 100 plots ranging in size from 2,000 to 16,000 square meters. To date, 21 businesses and an arrangement area are in operation on the Free Zone.Sanad platformWith the kind directions of H.M. Sultan Qaboos Bin Said, for the great importance of enhanc ing the role of Omani manpower in the development of the country and for the purpose of creating business opportunities for Omanis who are able to take interest in work, Sanad programme is established to work under the charge of the Ministry of Manpower and execute the following dutiesObjectives OF SANADContributing to the involution of the natioConcepts and Theories of EntrepreneurshipConcepts and Theories of EntrepreneurshipENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMALL BUSINESS (OMAN)1 Entrepreneur EntrepreneurshipDefinition of EntrepreneurThe term entrepreneur is derived from the French verb enterprenedre. It means to undertake. In the early 16th century, the Frenchmen who organized and led military expeditions were referred to as entrepreneurs. Around 1700A.D, the term was used for architects and contractors of public works.An entrepreneur is a person who undertakes and operates anew enterprise or venture and assumes some duty for the inherent risks. A female entrepreneur is sometimes referred to an entrepreneuse.Entrepreneur is a person who creates and manages change by the recognition of opportunities (needs, wants, problems, and challenges) and develops people and manages resources to take advantage of the opportunity and creates a venture.The term entrepreneur was applied to business initially by the French economist, Cantillon, in the 18th century, to designate a dealer who purchases the means of production form combining them into marketable products.Concept of EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship is a process undertaken by an entrepreneur to augment his business interest. It is an exercise involving innovation and creativity that will go towards establishing his/her enterprise.One of the qualities of entrepreneurship is the ability to discover an investment opportunity and to organize an enterprise, thereby contributing to discover an investment growth. It involves taking of risks and making the necessary investments under conditions of uncertainty and innovating, pla nning, and taking decisions so as to increase production in agriculture, business and industry etc.Entrepreneurship is the composite skill, the resultant of a mix of many qualities and traits these include tangible factors as imagination, readiness to take risks. Ability to bring together and put to use other factors of production, capital, labor, land, and also tangible factors such as the ability to mobilize scientific and technological advances.IntrapreneursOf late a new breed of corporate entrepreneurs has come to the force in large organizations are called as intrapreneurs. They are entrepreneurs who catch hold of a new idea for a product, service, or process and work to bring this idea to fruition within the framework of the organization. Intrapreneurs with their innovations and dedicated effort are perceived as a valuable asset by the organization, inspiring others. He serves as a champion to others in the organization. In America, a number of intrapreneurs are leaving their jobs to start their own ventures. It is found that many are exceedingly successful in their new ventures and they are causing threat to the companies they left a few years ago.Difference between Entrepreneur and IntrapreneurDifferenceEntrepreneurIntrapreneur1. DependencyAn entrepreneur is independentHe is dependent on the entrepreneur. i.e., owner2. Raising of fundsThey can raise fund required for the enterpriseFunds are not raised3. RiskHe/She bears the risk involved I the businessAn intrapreneur does not fully bear the risk4. OperationsHe/She operates from outsideHe/She operates from within the organization itselfDistinction between an Entrepreneur and a ManagerFactorsEntrepreneurManager1. MotiveThe main motive is to start a venture by setting up an enterprise. He understands the venture for his personal gratification.The main motive of a manager is to render his services in an enterprise already set up by someone else2. StatusHe is the owner of enterpriseA manger is the servant in the enterprise owned by the entrepreneur3. Risk bearingHe being the owner of the enterprise assumes all risks and uncertainty involved in running the enterpriseA manager as a servant does not bear any risk involved in the enterprise4. RewardsThe reward that he gets for bearing risks involved in the enterprise is profit which is highly uncertainA manager gets salary as reward for the services rendered by him in the enterprise, which is fixed and certain5. InnovationHe himself thinks over what and how to produce goods to meet then changing demands of the customers. Hence, he acts as an innovator also called a change agentManager simply executes the plan prepared by the entrepreneur and translates the entrepreneurs ideas into practice6. QualificationsHe needs to possess qualities and qualification like high achievement, motive, originality in thinking, foresight, risk bearing ability and so on.On the contrary, manager needs to possess distinct qualification in terms of sound knowled ge in management theory and practice.Difference between Entrepreneur and EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurEntrepreneurshipRefers to a personVisualiserCreatorOrganizerInnovatorTechnicianInitiatorDecision makerPlannerLeaderMotivatorProgrammerRisk takerCommunicatorAdministratorRefers to a processVisionCreationOrganizationInnovationTechnologyInitiativeDecisionPlanningLeadershipMotivationActionRisk takingCommunicationAdministrationSkills required for an Entrepreneur1. Technical skillsWritten and oral communicationMonitoring environmentTechnical Business ManagementEffective Interpersonal relationshipEffective ListeningAbility to organizeNetwork BuildingManagement StylesCoachingBeing an effective team player2. Business Management SkillsPlanning and goal settingDecision makingHuman RelationsMarketing financeAccountingManagementControlNegotiationManagement growth3. Personal entrepreneurial skillsSelf disciplineRisk taking attitudeBeing creativeLogical and analyticalPersistentVisionary leaderAb ility to manage changeArticulateCharacteristics of an EntrepreneurMental ability consists of intelligence and creative thinking. An entrepreneur must be reasonably intelligent, and should have creative thinking and must be able to engage in the analysis of various problems and situations in order to deal with them.Clear Objectives An entrepreneur should have clear objectives as to the exact nature of the goods to be produced and subsidiary activities to be undertaken.Business secrecy An entrepreneur must be able to guard business secrets. Leakage of business secrets to trade competitors is a serious matter which should be carefully guarded against by an entrepreneur.Human relations ability An entrepreneur must maintain good relations with his customers if he is to establish relations that will encourage them to continue to patronize his business. He must also maintain good relations with his employees if he is to motivate them to perform their jobs at a high level of efficiency.Comm unication ability An entrepreneur who can effectively communicate with the customers, employees, suppliers and creditors will be more likely to succeed than the one who does not.Technical knowledge An entrepreneur must have a reasonable level of technical knowledge.Other main characteristicsSelf confident and optimisticAble to take calculated riskPrepared to take risksRespond positively to challengesFlexible and able to adaptKnowledgeable of marketsVersatile knowledgeAble to get along well with othersIndependent mindedEnergetic and diligentCreative, need to achieveDynamic leaderResponsive to suggestionsTake initiativesResourceful and perseveringPerceptive with foresightResponsive to criticismAbility to organize and administer efficientlySignificance/importance of entrepreneurshipEconomic Development Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development of every country. It enables continual improvement of societies and their organizations entrepreneurshipDeveloping personal relation ships Small businesses are well placed to build personal relationships with customers, employees and suppliers.Responding flexibility to problems and challengesInventiveness and innovation Small businesses are well positioned to introduce and develop new ideas. This is due to their owners not having to report or seek approval from anyone else. For Example, When Anitha Roddick set up The Body Shop she developed a range of environmentally friendly cosmetics in unsophisticated packaging. Due to the innovation in the packaging style her products are considered to be No 1 in terms of quality and package.It invigorates markets The formation of new business leads to job creation and has a multiplying effect on the economy.It empowers citizens, generates innovation and changes mindsets. These changes have the potential to integrate developing countries into the global economy.Classification and Type of Entrepreneurs1. Innovative EntrepreneursIt is a type of entrepreneur, who launches new pr oducts, discovers new markets, establishes new methods of production and restructures the enterprise.He can work only when definite level of progress has been previously accomplished. They focus on revolutionalisation and development.It is characterized by aggressive assembling of information and the analysis of results derived from novel combination of factors.2. Imitative EntrepreneursThey adopt victorious innovations launched by the innovative entrepreneurs.They duplicate the technology and techniques innovated by others and they are suitable for underdeveloped countries.They are characterized by readiness to adopt successful innovations, by innovating entrepreneurs. They are adoptive and more flexible.3. Fabian EntrepreneursThey are exemplified by great caution and skepticism in experimenting any change in the organization. They imitate only in situations where it becomes necessary to do so. They imitate only in situations where it becomes necessary to do so. They are exhibited by precaution and skepticism in practicing any change they have neither the will to introduce new changes not any desire to adopt new methods, innovated by the most enterprising entrepreneurs.Dealings are determined by customs, religion, tradition and past practices.They are not much interested in taking risks or changes and they try to follow the beaten tack created by the footsteps of their predecessors.4. Drone EntrepreneursThey suffer losses, as they refuse to make any modifications in the existing production methods.They are exhibited by refusal to adopt and use opportunities to make changes in production.They are willing to suffer losses but they do not make changes in the production methods adopted by them.Also called as laggards because they continue in their traditional ways and in fields their product loses its marketability soon.5. Solo EntrepreneursThey basically work alone and if required may recruit few people.6. Active partnersThey set up an enterprise as a joint vent ure and they actively take part in the activities of the organization.7. Simply partnersThey contribute funds, but are not involved in the operations of the enterprise.8. InventorsThey are involved in the research and development and innovative activities.9. BuyersThese entrepreneurs in order to reduce risk buy an already established and ongoing enterprise.10. Life timersThey take business as primary part of their life. Family enterprise falls into this group of entrepreneurs.Entrepreneurs according to the type of business1. Business Entrepreneur They are the individuals who conceive an idea for a new product or service and then create a business to materialize their idea into reality. They tap both production and marketing resources in their search to develop a new business opportunity.2. Trading Entrepreneur They are the one who undertakes trading activities and is not interested with the manufacturing work. He identifies potential markets, simulates demand for his product line an d creates a desire and interest among buyers to go in for his product. He is engaged in both domestic and overseas trade.3. Industrial Entrepreneur It is essentially a manufacturer who identifies the potential needs of customers and tailors a product or service to meet the marketing needs. He is a product-oriented man who starts in an industrial unit because of the possibility of making some new product. The entrepreneur has the ability to convert economic resources and technology into a considerably profitable venture. E.g., Electronic industry, textile units, machine tools and the like.4. Corporate Entrepreneur It is a person who demonstrates his innovative skill in organizing and managing corporate undertaking. A corporate undertaking is a form of business organization which is registered under some statute or Act which gives it a separate legal entity.5. Agricultural Entrepreneur They are those who undertake agricultural activities as raising and marketing of crops, fertilizers and other inputs of agriculture. They are motivated to raise agricultural through mechanization, irrigation and application of technologies for dry and agriculture products.Entrepreneurs in Technology (Refer the Book)Technical EntrepreneurNon technical entrepreneurProfessional EntrepreneurEntrepreneurs and motivation (Refer the Book)Pure entrepreneurInduced entrepreneurMotivated entrepreneurSpontaneous entrepreneurGrowth and Entrepreneurs (Refer the Book)Growth entrepreneurSuper growth entrepreneurEntrepreneur and stages of development (Refer the Book)First generation entrepreneurModern EntrepreneurClassical entrepreneurEntrepreneurial competenciesThe characteristics possessed by an entrepreneur which result in superior performance are called Entrepreneurial competencies or traits. Knowledge, skill and motive are the components of competencies. These competencies can be developed and sharpened. These can be injected in human beings through education and training. Practice helps d evelop competencies. Thus it is rightly said that Entrepreneurs are made and not born. Some of the major entrepreneurial competencies are a) The individuals capacity for the pursuit of effective personal entrepreneurial behaviorb) The way that they design the organization to maximize the potential for effective entrepreneurial behaviour by all staffc) The way that they design the organization to enable it respond to, and indeed shape, the dynamics of the task structure and interdependencies confronting itd) The way that the entrepreneur shapes the capacity of the business to develop and innovate over time.e) The degree to which the above are pursued in a socially responsible way thus laying the ground for wider acceptance of entrepreneurial ways of doing things in business and society.f) Initiative acting out of choice rather than compulsion, taking the lead rather than waiting for others to start.g) Sees and acts on opportunities. A mindset where one is trained to look for business opportunities from everyday experiences.h) Persistence A never say die attitude, not giving up easily, striving information seeking continuously until success is achieved.i) Knowing Knowing who knows, consulting experts, reading relevant material and an overall openness to ideas and information.j) Concern for High Quality of Workk) Commitment to work Contract Taking personal pains to complete a task as scheduled.l) Efficiency Orientation concern for conservation of time, money and effort.m) Systematic Planningn) Problem solvingo) Self confidencep) Assertivenessq) Persuasionr) Use of Influence Strategiess) Monitoringt) Concern for Employee welfareEntrepreneurial Development is a key to achieve overall economic development through higher level of industrial activity. Many studies have shown that entrepreneurs are made. Entrepreneurial development is a process in which persons are injected with motivational drives of achievement and in sight to tackle uncertain and risky situations e specially in business undertakings. The process of entrepreneurial development focuses on training, education, reorientation and creation of conducive and healthy environment for the growth of enterprises. Entrepreneurial competence makes all the different to the rate of economic growth this call for the entrepreneurs potential inputs to boost the economic development of a countryFunctions of EntrepreneurIdea generation and scanning of the best suitable ideaDetermination of the business objectivesProduct analysis and market researchDetermination of form of ownership/organizationCompletion of promotional formalitiesRaising necessary fundsProcuring machine and materialRecruitment of menUndertaking the business operationsArthur H. Cole has given the following functions of EntrepreneurDetermination of objectives and change of those objectives as conditions required or made advantageousDevelopment of the organization, including efficient relations with subordinates and all employeesSecu ring adequate finance resources and maintaining good relations with the existing and potential investorsRequisition of efficient technological equipmentDevelopment of a market for the productsMaintenance of good relations with the public authorities and society at largeMajor functions of EntrepreneurInnovation Doing new things or the doing of things that are already being done in a new way. It includes new processes of production, introduction of new products, relation of new markets, discovery of a new and better form of industrial organizationRisk bearing Making provisions for capital in order to enable the entrepreneur to reduce uncertainty in his plan of investment and expansion of the enterpriseOrganization and management of business so as to have leadership and control over it.MODULE 2ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT____________________________________________________________________(Entrepreneurial Process, Entrepreneurial Environment, Institutional Support for small business in Oman)_____________________________________________________________________Entrepreneurial ProcessThe process of entrepreneurship involves both analytical and creative activities. According to Pierce and Dunham, the entrepreneurial process takes place in four sequential stepsStep 1 Solo PhaseDuring this step, the typical entrepreneur works alone. The first task for the entrepreneur is to clearly identify the entrepreneurial idea. Then, the idea is developed and subjected to three feasibility tests.Will the idea provide clearly identifiable benefits for customer or clients?Is the idea compatible with the organizations resources and overall strategy?Are the idea and its potential implementation compatible with the entrepreneurs personal character and skills?Step 2 Network PhaseDuring this step the entrepreneur shares the idea with o0ther organizational members, seeking feedback and suggestions for improvement of the idea.Step 3 Bootlegging PhaseDuring this step, the entrepreneur beg ins to form a project team and some levels of product prototype development outside the normal operational mode of the company.Step 4 Formal Team PhaseDuring this step, the idea becomes a formal organizational venture with formal organizational support.Entrepreneurial EnvironmentIt refers to the various facets within which big, medium, and small enterprises and others have to operate.Entrepreneurial environment is broadly classified into six important segments, namely1) Political environment2) Economic environment3) Social environment4) Technological environment5) Legal environment6) Cultural environment.1) Political environment It affects the entrepreneurial growth and accelerates the process of economic activity. Law and order is of high priority, followed by Government policies in regard to the promotion of entrepreneurship, followed by incentives, encouragement and right institutional structure will go a long way in fostering entrepreneurship.2) Economic environment It encompass es a wide spectrum of items, namely, land, availability of raw material, skilled labour, infrastructure, machinery, capital and so on.Shortage of raw materials, inferior quality, high price resulting in high cost of production are bringing had name to the small industry. Without raw materials, no industry can run and no entrepreneurship would come up. The benefits of an improved and healthy market conditions in the environment of entrepreneurial growth are self-explanatory.3. Social environment It strongly affects the entrepreneurial behaviour which contributes to entrepreneurial growth. The social factors can be family background, kith and kin (relatives, friends and teachers), religion, social status, social mobility and social marginality.4. Technological environment It represents the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. The technological advancement has become a catalytic agent in the promotion of entrepreneurship growth of industrial and allied services a nd agriculture. Further, it brings cultural changes as well as the quality of life. The Knowledge Revolution has made it possible to routine processes a shift from the traditional manual control of conventional machinery for using the computer brain to operate the machinery. Computer software is an alternate way to reorganize traditional work processes, through application of overseeing knowledge aided by systematic, logical analysis.5. Legal environment Registration, licensing, pollution, location, acquisition, payment of wages and labour related laws, pollution and environmental rules, laws relating to organization, product, patent, resource and taxes. According to a recent study, there are over 150 legal requirements an entrepreneur has to take care off.6. Cultural environment Every organization has an invisible quality, certain style, and character, a way of doing things that may be more powerful than the dictates of any one person or a formal system. This invisible quality the corporate culture decides how effective the organization is in the marketplace.Max Weber emphasizes that cultural factors have a crippling effect on entrepreneurial growth. Culture consists of (i) tangible man made objects like furniture, buildings etc. (ii) intangible concepts like laws, morals, knowledge etc. (iii) values and behavior acceptable within the society.Institutional support for small businesses in OmanIncentivesOne of the incentives is the annual award of the Sultans Cup for Industry. In 1999, the five winners were the Oman Cement Company, Raysut Cement Company, Oman Flour Mills Company, in the top category, with Jotun Paints and Oman Filters Industry taking best factories awards in the second category. Certificates of Merit were awarded to Oman Cables Industry Company, Amiantit Oman and National Detergent Company from the first category, and Sadolin Paints and Al-Hassan Switchgear Factory from the second category.In 1998, the criteria for awarding His Majesty, the S ultans Cup were changed to take account of a companys Omanisation plan. Companies should not fall below the 35% target set for the industrial sector. Companies in the first category are those with over RO3 million invested. The Ministry evaluated 27 factories, taking into account a number of other criteria such as added value, the use of local raw material, percentage of exports, quality etc, as well as considering safety standards and environmental protection.Public /establishment for Industrial Estate (PEIE)In 1993 the Public Establishment for Industrial Estates (PEIE) was created by Royal Decree giving a significant boost to industry by developing additional industrial estates and encouraging the private sector to participate in the industrialization of Oman. There are five industrial estates at present namely Rusayl, Sohar, Raysut, Nizwa and al-Buraimi, Sur. but more are being planned all over the country in towns like Khasab and Qalhat. PEIE has commissioned a consultant to pr epare a feasibility study for these three new industrial estates. In April 2000, the Ministry announced that a study had been carried out to privatize the industrial estates, transforming them into public companies, but for the time being, the Government will continue to develop them and has allocated around RO200 million for the purpose.RusaylRusayl was the first industrial estate in Oman, established in 1983, and becoming operational in 1985. It is situated about 45 kms from the Capital Area and the port of Mina Sultan Qaboos. It is close to Seeb Airport and easily accessible from the main road network. Amongst the many other services provided, an important feature is the nearby housing complex for over jet workers, complete with shops, supermarket, cinema, mosque, leisure centre and football pitch. Separate accommodation was recently constructed within the estate for female workers. There are 107 industries in operation on the Rusayl Estate and five more under construction, with over 40 projects being evaluated. The factories in operation are producing chemicals, electrical and building materials, paints, textiles and garments, computer stationery, aluminum products, car batteries, steel assemblies and poly products, amongst others.SoharSohar Industrial Estate is situated 220 kms from Muscat and 180 kms from Dubai, linked to both by an international highway. Thanks to its strategic location it is attractive to potential investors. Apart from the major projects now being implemented there are 28 industries in production, 18 under construction and 44 projects coming up in the near future. Industries on the Sohar estate produce a wide range of products, such as foodstuffs, detergents, leather goods, furniture, toothpaste, ice cream, resins, glass, steel bars and engine oil. Potential products may include jewellery, roof cladding, baby food, sweets, sports shoes and polythene bags.RaysutInaugurated in 1992, the Raysut industrial estate is situated in Dhofar, 1 5 kms from Salalah, close to the sea and the new container port. The border with Yemen is only 200 kms away and will be approached by a new tarmac road across from Thumrait to al-Mazyounah, which is under construction. Port Salalah is ideally situated on the sea lanes connecting Europe, East Africa, Yemen and the Far East. A free zone has been established at al-Mazyounah which will make Raysut even more attractive as an entrepot destination.The industrial estate has been divided into zones so that any chemical pollution is kept well away from cleaner industries. There are five factories in operation, manufacturing school stationery, box files, ice, fish processing, frozen chickens, PVC pipes and steel fabrication.NizwaNizwa Industrial Estate was inaugurated in 1994. It is situated 180 kms from Muscat and only 15 kms from Nizwa itself. Being the latest estate to be established, there are five pre-fabricated buildings for ceramic tiles, paper products and foodstuffs manufacture. Nine applications have been made for a plot on the Estate and these are currently being evaluated. The Estate is to be enlarged over the next Five-Year Plan. Future projects may include leather goods, novelties, military badges, pharmaceuticals, surgical gloves, chemicals and disinfectants.Al-BuraimiDuring the 29th National Celebrations, the al-Buraimi Industrial Estate was officially opened. The Estate is 325 kms from Muscat but conveniently situated for the Gulf markets. There are three factories in operation.SurIn addition to the Oman LNG project, a fertilizer plant is to be built at Qalhat near Sur with a capacity to produce 1.65 million tonnes of urea and 250,000 tonnes of excess ammonia per annum from natural gas for export. The preliminary work on the project arrangements has been completed and the major activity is to secure the finance needed through lenders and export credit agencies to supplement the equity capital of the partners in the project. Around RO375 million will be i nvested in the project. It is estimated that one trillion cubic feet of gas will be required for the project over a 20 year period. The plant will employ some 450 staff of whom about half will be Omanis during the initial operating period.Al MazunahAl Mazunah Free Zone commenced operations in November 1999 and is located in Omans southern region of Dhofar, close to the Yemen border. The Free Zone is located 260 kilometers from Salalah, 245 kilometers from Al Gaydah and 500 kilometers from Sayun, the two closest Yemeni cities. Given the nature of the Free Zone it lays outside the lit of Omans tax boundaries, and as such, businesses are able to enter Al Mazunah without visa or completing border procedures between Oman and Yemen. Indeed, Al Mazunah offers excellent opportunities to those wishing to trade goods through Oman into Yemen, or locate warehouse facilities. The Free Zone occupies 450 hectares which is divided into 100 plots ranging in size from 2,000 to 16,000 square meters. T o date, 21 businesses and an exhibition area are in operation on the Free Zone.Sanad ProgrammeWith the kind directions of H.M. Sultan Qaboos Bin Said, for the great importance of enhancing the role of Omani manpower in the development of the country and for the purpose of creating business opportunities for Omanis who are able to take interest in work, Sanad programme is established to work under the supervision of the Ministry of Manpower and execute the following dutiesObjectives OF SANADContributing to the employment of the natio

The Salem Witch Trials History Essay

The capital of Oregon enthrall Trials History EssayIntroductionThe capital of Oregon hagfish trials of 1692 took place in capital of Oregon, Massachusetts. Overall, 141 populate were arrested as 19 were hanged and unrivalled person crushed to devastation. Researchers get extinct the Salem witch trials as a series of court trials that were aimed at prosecuting persons who had been acc apply of witchery. The trials took place between 1692 and 16931.Prior hearings of the Salem witch trials were carried out in several different towns. The major trial was conducted by the speak to of Oyer and Terminer situated in Salem town2. some(prenominal) people were move up and aerated with witchery. Some of those arrested died in prison. Of the impeach, 14 wo custody and 5 men were hanged.There were venerates intimately religious extremists as m both a(prenominal) critics perceived witchcraft as world counterproductive. many an(prenominal) problems at bottom the society were attri buted to the witches biography in the town of Salem. At the meter of their arrest, almost of them were found with things believed to be used to propagate their activities.Causes of the trialsThere were about 600 residents in Salem town that conflicted with superstar company arguing that they had the right to remain in the town as earth families and the former(a) to settle on the eastern side of the loaded suburban town of Salem. The thriving economy of Salem town that was generally a farming community do it to be perceived as being individualistic.The individualism was clashing with the communal nature of Puritanism. The Putnams matt-up that the cosmic farming families were completely isolated from the rest of the town and amassed a bad quantity of wealth. The Putnams were acknowledged leaders of a separatist grouping. This separatist group owned most of the farming land in Salem v nauseatedage. The Putnams felt the need to form a congregation that would indeed unite the m at bottom Salem. In 1689, the religious congregation was formed infra the lead of elevated Parris3.This religious congregation only represented a small group of the populace in Salem as most of the members were Putnams. Two factions had emerged in spite of appearance the religious congregation. These factions were basically divided on the basis of the contract on a lower floor which sacred Parris was employed to conduct the church affairs.Ministers in the religious groups at the time were practically granted lots of fringe goods to go along with their heavy salaries, such(prenominal) as free houses and use of firewood4. It is believed that Reverend Parris legitimate this and much more, indeed creating questions as to why he was being accorded such kind of treatment. Reverend Parris salary was paid by the local task payers. Critics who did not support this, often mumbled in silence hence creating and intensify the already existing crevice with the religious organization in which Reverend Parris was the main leader. close Puritans believed in witchcraft as the source of world power to harm others. They further believed that the witchcraft was entering partnership with the d sinister in ex win all over for certain evil powers in order to propagate their evil activities. Therefore, the religious sect who lived in the same town of Salem was against witchcraft as they considered it as a sin5. It is as well as believed that most Puritans were against the church of England and opposed most of their doctrines. As a go away, enmity was created between the Puritans and the church building of England at the time. This culminated into frequent conflicts between the Puritans and the church members who often level accuses against from each one other. The puritans did not buy any of the traditions that the church was conducted.It was this religious divide that supply the Salem witchcraft trial of 1692 that led to the k complainting of several witches withi n the town, most of who were Puritans.There was a huge political divide in Salem between the English settlers in the east and their opponents who were spectacular farming families. They do several attacks on each other with considerable casualties being reported. In 1692 when the new Governor was elected, he had many issues to settle. He initiated the commitment of special court known as the court of Oyer and Terminer which was charged with the office of handling the increasing number of people who were charge at the time6.Farming was often the main cause of dispute between neighbors and families. As families grew in size, so did their farming land. Most of the farming land pushed foregoing into the wild, thus causing tautness to the conflict that was already brewing. Drought or change in weather could easily wipe out a years school without much consideration. This leave aloneed in tension. Religious tension make this worse as many Puritans believed that God had advanced hi s wrath on man due to his sinful nature7. This belief made many people fear the actions of those who were against God. Therefore, many religious groups such as the church of England advocated for the elimination of witches from the Salem society in order to enjoy a good bumper harvest and experience rain.Moreover, the accessible status that the Puritans accorded to the women did not serve well much as the women were believed to be devils servants. The Puritans perception about women increased the tension that had already built within the community leading to conflict in beliefs, one of the foundations that the Salem trials were based upon.Children were discouraged from playing and generally living a amicable life among the Puritans. They were the least valued. Similarly, girls were restricted from social groupings and activities in the belief that they would be used by the devil at a tender age. Women were generally not allowed to own land and in most cases land reverted to the previous owner if the husband died. magnetize-hunting became a sport and a daily norm among the Puritans in order to acquire property. The effects of this on the society were far reaching.Preconceived ideas of witchesThere were several preconceived ideas about withes in the Salem village. Most people believed that witches were the main cause of crop failure and drought. This was because, witches often performed certain acts which could reverse the nature of climate change and bring about rain8. The Puritans were revered for their activities involving witch-hunting. Witches were thus believed to poses the power to ill other people and even make their lives difficult.Furthermore, there was a liberal belief that the witches were often in contact with the devil and could order any kind of destruction upon their targets with impunity. In fact, most of the illness and attacks during the 17th light speed were attributed to the powers of the witches9.In addition, witches were believed to be anti-Christian in nature since they derived their powers from the devil and destroyed other peoples lives. The Salem society believed that witches should be killed. Therefore, the offence of witchcraft carried the remnant clock time automatically and without the option of appealing.Analysis of the accusers and their motivations of targeting certain peopleMost of the accusers of witches were primarily the religious organizations which indeed were against the activities of the witches in Salem during the 17th century. The Puritans were increasingly becoming aggressive and threatened the very existence of humanity due to their social beliefs about women and children10. Moreover, the Puritans were against the traditions well(p) by the church. The witches often laid accusations upon the churchs conduct hence creating tension whenever they were illuminated within the Salem village.In addition, most of the large farming families excessively accused the witches of crop failure and drought. The powers of the witches were believed to cause deaths in children and livestock. Farming was the main economic activity that the people of Salem practiced11. Therefore, it farming failed then life became subsequently very difficult for them considering that they often had very large families.Reverend Parris who was a church minister was also an accuser of the witches. His daughter and niece had epileptic fits that were beyond any normal comprehension. Following this, three witches were arrested and arraigned in court to be charged with inflicting such evil upon the children. The arrested individuals were Puritans and were charged with witchcraft.On February 1692, Betty Parris, the daughter of the leader of the religious covenant organization, became strangely ill12. Critics were quick to point out that this was a result of witchcraft that had been enjoin towards the ministers home. What made the belief worse was the fact that Reverend Parris cousin and niece also fell s trangely ill.Strange illness were often attributed to witchcraft and the accusers who were often family members could not compel with the idea that strange infirmitys were as a result of a combination of stress, trauma and other physiological causes. These strange diseases chiefly attacked children. There was a wide belief that witches often targeted children since they were vulnerable to the witches activities13. This made witches to be accused of any strange disease like symptoms as most households ignored the diagnosis of the doctors.This was fueled by the strange disease that was exhibited by Ann Putnam, Mercy Lewis and Mary Walcott all who were juveniles. The cure to the strange doings was not understood as the children continued to wriggle on the plant suffering from this strange disease.The accusers were mainly motivated by the need to crack evil within the Salem community by stopping the witches from cleanup and depressing people in the society. For instance, women and children were accorded the lowest social class in the Salem community among the Puritans14. This was seen as a counter-development move and was thus fought by the greater farming community as well as the religious Christian society.When the reverends daughter and niece, Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams fell ill, they were taken to hospital. Since the doctor could not arrange anything physically wrong with the girls, it was concluded that they had been bewitched. Tituba, an Indian witch was accused of entrancing the two girls15. This saw a number of many other witches arrested in 1691with many people condemning witchcraft.Analysis of the accusedThe accused witches were preponderantly Puritans. Trouble began when Cloyce and Proctor were arrested. These individuals were members of the covenanted church. After days of interrogation and investigation, more arrests were made and the suspects arraigned in court to be charged with witchcraft. Most of those who had been named went in to hiding for fear of being arrested and charged in court.The prosecutor found the presentation of picture to be most challenging since evidence in such cases was save imaginary. The Court of Oyer and Terminer was responsible for prosecuting and charging the witches. The court convened on June 2, 1692 where Bridget Bishops case was heard first off16. The grand jury indeed acknowledged all the charges made against her. Several other witches who were arrested and totaled 150 were charged before the Court of Oyer and Terminer with witchcraft. provided one accused who refused to enter a plea was crushed to death using stones17. The Court of Oyer and Terminer handled all formal prosecutions of witchcraft. About 36 people were arrested on July 2, 1692 following the convening of the new Governor, Chief Magistrate and Crowns attorney. Local magistrate presided over the cases where they arrested, examined and charged the witches according to the law.The accused were often individuals who maintained a extravagantly social status within the Salem setting. They were individuals who were revered and feared for their evil powers18. Most of them lived in eastern Salem. The witches of Salem had amassed massive wealth due to witch-hunting. They had been accused at one time of killing innocent people for the benefit of their wealth.ConclusionThe Salem witch trials were hence as a result of the beliefs that the witches held within the Salem society. The witches were also accused of causing strange diseases among children. Many of the Salem witches were often wealthy people who enjoyed a high social status within the community. Moreover, they were located on the eastern side of the Salem village just next to the farming communities in the Salem town.The Salem trials led to the arrest and imprisonment of over 150 people, 19 of whom were hanged and one crushed to death. These trials were the most controversial in the history of Salem. The trials were done in such haste in orde r to clear the large gather of cases concerning witches in the Court of Oyer and Terminer19.Concerns about witchcraft were often muffled under the pillow until when Elizabeth Parris became strangely ill. She was the daughter of the Reverend Parris, leader of the religious church. Abigail Williams, a niece to the reverend also fell strangely ill. Tituba, the Indian witch was accused of bewitching the girls. Critics of the trial of Salem suggest that witchcraft should be death with witchcraft instead of convicting of witchcraft and sentenced to death.ReferencesBlumberg Jess. A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials. Accessed fromhttp//www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/brief-salem.htmlGiles Cory and the Salem Witch Craft Trials. Salem Witchcraft Trials. Accessed fromhttp//coryfamsoc.com/resources/articles/witch.htmPoole William Frederick. cotton wool Mather and Salem witchcraft. Harvard University press, 1869,p.61. accessed fromhttp//books.google.co.ke/books?id=5DT0mK6JxO4Cp g=PA61dq=The+Salem+Witch+Trialshl=enei=s9nCS6qPEp3AmgPdhbj-Bgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=7ved=0CFUQ6AEwBgv=onepageq=The%20Salem%20Witch%20Trialsf= rancidSalem Witch Trials. Accessed fromhttp//www.articlesbase.com/law-articles/salem-witch-trials-67616.htmlSalem Witch Trials. Accessed from http//www.42explore2.com/salemwitch.htmThe Salem Witch Trials, 1692, Eyewitness to History. Accessed fromhttp//www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/salem.htmThe Salem witch hunts. Accessed fromhttp//www.essortment.com/all/salemwitchhunt_rkto.htmThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692. Accessed fromhttp//www.kidzworld.com/article/2536-the-salem-witch-trials-of-1692Upham Charles Wentworth. Salem witchcraft and like Mather a reply. New York Historicalmagazine, 1869, p.16. accessed from http//books.google.co.ke/books?id=qdmvN-fB5xYCpg=PA10dq=The+Salem+Witch+Trialshl=enei=s9nCS6qPEp3AmgPdhbj-Bgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CEEQ6AEwAgv=onepageq=The%20Salem%20Witch%20Trialsf=falseWhat Were the Salem Witch T rials? accessed fromhttp//www.wisegeek.com/what-were-the-salem-witch-trials.htm

The Ibis Hotel Introduction

The Ibis Hotel IntroductionIbis is Europes leading budget hotel with to a greater extent than 950 hotels in 55 countries ibis claims its customers the upliftedest direct of service and ultimate relief in its category at the trounce market outlays. The ibis standard guarantees its customers about the world abide kindred a modern path, attached and soundproofed bedclothes to in advance(p) comfort, breakfast from 4am to noon and a varied cuisine.In this ultimate comfort the ibis room became modern, leisurely and full equipped, on the whole hotels in the network, the ibis room is designed to offer its customers a intellectual sleep and the ability to work calmly soundproof, connected to the Wi-Fi hotel, with a unconditioned-screen liquid crystal display TV, a spacious tail end and a work desk.New bedding to comfort Ibis, happy sleep specialist, has real a concept of innovative and revolutionary bedding. The pillows argon generous, welcoming duvet and mattress adapts p erfectly to your body for a deep, restful sleep. And the recondite weapon of ibis a mattress 7 cm to a greater extent comfort for bats sensations. Unprecedented in the economy seg handst, the recent ibis solelyow for change your bed nights.The highest level of service in its class c is enjoy your stay cloudless day and night, our teams are at your judicature Our teams live to the rhythm of your films and your desires Front 24h/24, dainty kitchen ibis at completely times and a bar service open continuously.A loyalty to woodland serviceIbis is the first hotel brand to receive economic since 1997, the ISO 9001 quality certification. This International Standard deals with the quality service day and night reception, accommodation, small kitchen ibis, and breakfast from 4am to noon and bar service. Today, 758 ibis hotels in 21 countries are dependant ISO 9001 or 84% of the network.The contract Satisfaction 15 minutes signalise Satisfaction 15 minutes is a unique example of t his demanding process. If a cloud disturbs the residence of a client, ibis teams give 15 minutes flat for a solution, day and night, and if they tail endnot hunt that little cloud in the allot time, the client is invited by the hotel.Ibis pioneering milieual commitmentIbis registered its commitment under planet 21, the program of Accors sustainable exploitation. Ibis is the first global chain engaged in the environmental certification ISO 14001 which installs a continuous progress via a recent on- passing game compliance regulatings continuous improvement hotels certified are regularly audited to come down smart goals. Already 420 hotels in 18 countries cook achieved ISO 14001 environmental certification. s assimilate down-spot P SPRODUIT The ibis standard guarantees its customers close to the world offer homogeneous a modern room connected and soundproofed bedding to innovative comfort, breakfast from 4am to noon and a varied cuisine, Attentive and efficient.PRICE conc ord the price of ibis is one of the major determinants of the profitability of the hotel, and the price withal depends on which metropolis the hotel is situated, so Ibis Greenwich is little be expensive because of the activity and the advantage that the around him.PLACE Ibis Greenwich is located in a precise charming and ingenious town, and is located in the heart of Greenwich, near the Maritime Museum, Cutty Sark, and Royal watch and the train stationPROMOTION regarding the promotion hotel ibis create a new concept where you reserve 2 nights with Ibis styles every Tuesday and you pay for just 1 night, you can book to in last minute.com you volition aim hypothesis to get 50% every week end Friday and Saturday.PEOPLE The Ibis Greenwich has a very friendly receptionist staff and very harsh reception of this transaction the qualification selects is GCSE or LEVEL and is depend for which brand or pencil lead are you working if you dont open any qualification but you have a mot ivation for the trade of the Ibis hotel application hotel will propose you valuation of training to evolve a team leader to manager.PROCESS all Ibis customer use internet to book or do they are cortege reservation or, send of Email or calling the aura reservation for and all our reservation agent will reply to the customer by email, fax, or post.PHYSICAL EVIDENCE the hotel is clean, the rooms are clean, quiet, healthful heated hotel, the staff are presentable and pleasanthttp//books.google.co.uk/books?id=zFfo2MGH90gCpg=PA41source=gbs_toc_rcad=4v=onepageqf=falseanalysis of the Micro and Macro surroundings of hospitality marketingTHE MACRO ENVIRONMENTEconomy Consumers spending on hospitality serve are discretionary spending. The share of household budgets spent on viands away from home declined slightly during the recession of the early 1990s (Putnam and Allshouse 1999). family and culture As social and culture values, beliefs, and opinions change, opportunities are created f or new products, services, and concepts. As people become more concerned about mo-hand smoke, more eating places, even in verbalises where a complete smoking ban is not required, have become completely smoke free, Hotel also provide non-smoking rooms or floors in response to the contemporary climate of the social environment.Political the restaurants restaurant industry continues to experience pressure from the g everywherenment, to improve nutritional labelling or menus.at the state and local levels, destination marketing agencies, such as state touristry offices and convention and visitors, play an classical role in building sales for the hospitality industry.Technology the greatest dazes of engineering on hospitality trading operations are in the area of communications and the amount and quality of nurture available for example computers are used to keep track of a guests history on spending, Hotel offer automatic civilize in and check out etcEnvironment Many hospitalit y organisations have implemented environment friendly programs like many restaurant serve water however on request, and hotels ask guests to keep towels on the rack if they will be used again so that they will not be rinse unnecessarily.The micro environmentCompetitors the market place for independent operations is practically more competitive than it was just a few years ago. The high degree of competition in both the hotel and the restaurant segments affects pricing strategies and all other elements of the marketing mix. And the relatively fragmented nature of the industry way of life that the environment will remain highly competitive and unpredictable.Customers families are important to hospitality marketers for two reasonsPESTEL POLICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL TECHNOLOGY environment soundPolitical The political scene has an enormous influence on the regulation of worryes, the purchasing power of buyers, as well as related companies for this reason, we had to take a look at many cr iteria policy so that companies can grow and perspective is rather a healthy atmosphere.Economical Marketers need to consider the state of a trading economy in the on the spur of the moment and long terms. This is especially true when planning for international marketing.Social and pagan the social and cultural influences on businesses vary from one country to another. It is very important that such factors be considered. What is the dominant religion, what are the place of men and women within the society, what are the reactions when coming to foreign products and services? In the hotel industry the sociological aspects of UK have not really affected the business UK is a rather open minded country and therefore is easy going for the hotel business.Technological Technology is vital for our competitive advantage, and is a major driver of globalization technology offers companies a new way to communicate with their consumers. With development of internet, most of the bookings are m ade via internet. Finally technology allows for products and services to be made more cheaply and to a better standard of quality.Environment PLANET 21 is our 21 commitments to sustainable development. Health, nature, carbon, innovation, local development, employment and duologue 21 commitments to help the world run a little more smoothly.Legal these are related to the legal environment in which firms operate. In recent years in the UK there have been many crucial legal changes that have affected firms behaviour.OpportunitiesDevelopment of skills, career opportunity developing of poste to another like (the manager at reception), possibility to travel around the worldIBIS HOTEL SWOTSTRENGTHLocated in the heart of Greenwich beside the Maritime Museum, Cutty Sark,And Royal ObservatoryAnd train station.The rooms offer major planet TV and internet access.Relax at the bar with a hot chocolate or a glass of wineLet your self be tempted by the snacks and light meals that are offered.In crease the twin roomsThreats on that point is strong competition in the market, opening of smaller hotel, and client requests a very high qualificationWeaknessesThe hotel charged me for twice for the same room on the same night, claiming I did not show up for the second of the I could not park at the hotel, the two extremely short receptionists offered me the 10 parking permit which would enable me to parkTiny rooms uncomfortable bedsPORTERS FIVE FORCESAccording to Porter (2001) the internet is an enabling technology that can be used within the context of a vertical business strategy in any industry. The five forces that impact battle which are outlined in Porters 1980 work are barriers to entry, scourge of substitutes, negotiate power of buyers and sellers, and the rivalry among existing rivals. The most important determinant of a marketplaces profit potency is the intrinsic power of buyers and sellers.Threat of Substitute GoodsIn the hotel industry there is usually another ho tel just around the corner. They reckon in all price ranges, with varying levels of service and amenities.The constant gainsay will always be to get the guest to choose your hotel over the competitor. The internet makes the overall market more efficient while expanding the coat of the potential market and creating new substitution threats. Given the potency of this threat a superb internet presence is vital.Bargaining Power of Buyers tune persons choosing a hotel for business travel are savvy consumers and they are comfortable with computer technology, It has become very simple for them to go online and book a hotel. They no longer need travel agents, corporate travel consultants or middle men of any kind to determine where they will stay. Porters posture predicts this elimination of intermediaries.Rivalry among existing competitorsThe rivalry among competitors in the hotel industry is fierce. When potential customers can learn about a hotel on line, the internet reduces the d ifferences among competitors. plenty tend to seek the best price for the best experience and the mark is to reduce price to be competitive. The internet covers wide geographical areas so the market is widened increasing the number of competitors.Barriers to EntryThe initial investment in the hotel industry creates quite a barrier to entry but certain(p) barriers to entering the hotel market are reduced by the internet. A presence on the internet reduces upstart marketing costs somewhat, and gives the new competitor access to potential suppliers and resources..Bargaining power of suppliersWhile this is not a substantial threat in the hotel industry it can have impact especially in the area of labour. With an aging population, there are fewer people to fill service industry jobs and hotels which can attract splendiferous staff have a greater chance of providing excellent and special experiences to their clientele. As part of their internet strategy all hotel chains should have a s ection on recruitment for employment. http//themarketplaceoflife.blogspot.co.uk/2011/02/porters-five-factor-model-and-hotel.htmlSegmentation and positioningAccording to the Ibis website the SEGMENT AND DESIGN is International standardized brand. ROOM SIZE 16/17sqm Can be customized according to market requirements. BEDDING the bed comfort is one of our utmost priorities. We will be launching a new Ultimate Comfort Bed. QUALITY Most of the hotels have been ISO 9001 certied.ENVIRONMENTAL comradely Over 400 hotels in 17 countries have obtained ISO 14001 Environmental Certication. Since its human race in 1974, ibis has expanded continuously and has a network of 957 hotels, 117,171 rooms in 55 countries***. This strong global positioning is the result of an ambitious expansion plan launched in 2007.http//www.accor.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Contenus_Accor/Franchise_Management/Documents_utiles/Developpement/ibis_megabrand_developpement_brochure_022012.pdfhttp//www.accor.com/en/brands/b rand-portfolio/ibis.htmlBrandingAn ultimate comfort offer the ibis room modern, comfortable and well-equipped in every hotel of the network, the ibis room is designed to offer to its guests a happy sleep and the possibility to work calmly soundproof, connected to the hotel Wi-Fi, with a flat screen LCD TV, a spacious bathroom and a desk.Brand new bed, brand new comfort Ibis, the good-nights-sleep specialist, has developed an innovative and revolutionary bedding concept. Pillows are fluffy, the duvet is super-soft and the high-tech mattress aligns with the absorption points which provide your body, so your sleep will be deep and refreshing. And the ibis secret weapon is a 7cm topper of extra comfort for a soft and welcoming feel. Unique in the economy hotel segment, the new ibis bed will transform your nights.Recommendation Ibis hotel must focus more on business segment and individual travelled, must change they are design room, also enlarge the lobby space.Conclusion The success in the tourism sphere is not within the reach of everyone, the trade of the hotel industry and catering require certain qualities very Particular. First of all, and contrary to what we tend to believe that carriers are not easy, they are certainly travel, leisure, pleasure, but the majority of jobs are inactive serious or stressful.